Loading...
The URL can be used to link to this page
Your browser does not support the video tag.
Home
My WebLink
About
2014-07-10 HPC Packet
MAPLEWOOD HERITAGE PRESERVATION COMMISSION COUNCIL CHAMBERS –CITY HALL July 10, 2014–7:00 PM 1.Call to Order 2.Roll Call 3.Approval of Agenda 4.Approval of Minutes a.June 12, 2014HPCMeeting 5.New Business 6.Old Business a.Historic Context Study 7.Visitor Presentations 8.Maplewood Area Historical Society Update 9.Commission Presentations 10.Staff Presentations a.Meeting schedule: i.August meeting cancelled ii.September 8, 2014, 5:00 (time to be confirmed)Present context study to council iii.September 11, 2014, next HPC meeting b.Keller Golf Course –opening celebration 11.Adjournment MINUTES MAPLEWOOD HERITAGE PRESERVATION COMMISSION 7:00p.m., Thursday,June 12,2014 Council Chambers, City Hall 1.CALL TO ORDER A meeting of the Heritage PreservationCommission was held in the City Hall Council Chambers and called to order byVice Chair Currieat 7:00p.m. 2.ROLL CALL Commissioners Chairperson Peter BoulayAbsent Commissioner Robert CreagerPresent Commissioner Richard CurriePresent Commissioner John GasparPresent Commissioner Frank GilbertsonPresent Commissioner Leonard HughesPresent Commissioner Brenda RudbergPresent Staff Natural Resources Coordinator, Ginny GaynorPresent 3.APPROVAL OF THE AGENDA Commissioner Creager moved toapprove the agenda. Seconded by Commissioner GilbertsonAyes–All The motion passed. 4.APPROVAL OF MINUTES a.May 8, 2014HPC Meeting Commissioner Gasparmovedto approve the May 8, 2014minutes. Seconded by CommissionerRudbergAyes–All Abstain –Commissioners Hughes and Creager The motion passed. 5.NEW BUSINESS a. 6.OLD BUSINESS a.Historic Context Study Thursday, June 12, 2014 Heritage Preservation Commission Meeting Minutes Consultants presented content of the Historic Context Study and discussed and answered questions of the commission. 7.VISITOR PRESENTATIONS a. 8.MAPLEWOOD AREA HISTORICAL SOCIETY UPDATE Presidentof Maplewood Area Historical Society (MAHS), Bob Jensen, presented upcoming events and MAHS news. 9.COMMISSION PRESENTATIONS 10.STAFF PRESENTATIONS a.August Meeting Cancellation Commissioner Gaspar moved to cancel the August meeting of the Heritage Preservation Commission. Seconded by Commissioner HughesAyes –All The motion passed. b.Fish Creek Hike –June 14 c.History Series at MCC 11.ADJOURNMENT Commissioner Creagermovedto adjourn the meeting. Seconded by Commissioner GasperAyes –All The motion passed. The meeting was adjournedat 8:56PM. Next meeting is September 11,2014. Thursday, June 12, 2014 Heritage Preservation Commission Meeting Minutes MEMORANDUM TO:Heritage Preservation Commission FROM:Ginny Gaynor, Natural Resources Coordinator/HPC Liaison DATE:July 1, 2014 for July 10, 2014 Meeting SUBJECT:HistoricContext Study INTRODUCTION In Fall 2013, Maplewood hired consultantsThomas R. Zahn and Associatesto conduct an Historic Context Study.At the JulyHeritage Preservation Commission (HPC)meeting, commissioners will review the draft Context Study. DISCUSSION At the June HPCmeeting,Bethany Gladhill presented key pointsof the Historical Context Study to commissioners and gathered commissioner input. After incorporating those commentsinto the draft Context Study, she submitted the draft to the editing committee–Chair Boulay, Commissioner Rudberg, and staff member Gaynor. Committee members reviewed the document individually and submitted theircomments. Thechanges have been incorporated into the draft document the Commission will review. The document is approximately 60 pages so please leave adequate time for reviewing itprior to the meeting. It is complete except additional pictures and a source list will be added. Afew pictures have been provided in this versionto help youbetter understand the architectural styles. During your review, please note changes inpunctuation, grammar, spelling, or wording on your hard copy. This typeof change should be submitted to staff at the end of the meeting. We will not take time during the commission meeting to discuss these items. As you’re reviewing the document, for each section/context please consider the following questions. 1.Is anything incorrect? 2.Is anything unclear? 3.Is anything significant missing? Please keep in mind the context study is not an in- depth history of Maplewood so not all stories canbe included. 4.Shouldany additionalrecommendations be added to the recommendation section at the end of each context? 5.Will this section be valuable to residents and to HPC? In addition, please jot down anything thing in the study that you think is especially important for the consultants to include in their September presentation to City Council. The July commission meeting will be the last time to submit changes to the contextstudy. If you cannot attend the meeting, please submit your comments or changes inwritingto staff. If there are only minor changes to the draft Context Study, commissioners are encouraged to consider adopting the study with changes. Note, however, the consultants will not attend the commission meeting so any changes would be contingent on their agreement with the changes. The schedule moving forward is as follows: July/August–Consultant completes final draft and submits it to staff prior to the August 30th grant deadline. September 8–Consultant presents the Context Study to the community at a City Council Workshop. The time is scheduled for5:00 p.m., but commissioners will receive confirmation of time prior to the meeting.The presentation will be publicized in the City’s newsletter, Maplewood Living, and all commissioners are encouraged to attend. If HPC approves the study at its July meeting, the City Council will consider approval at the September 8th Council meeting. RECOMMENDATION Staff recommends the HPC commission reviews the draft Historic Context Study. If changes are only minor, staff recommends HPC approves the report with changes. Djuz!pg!Nbqmfxppe! Ijtupsjd!Dpoufyu!Tuvez Qsfqbsfe!gps!uif! Nbqmfxppe!Ifsjubhf!Qsftfswbujpo!Dpnnjttjpo boe!uif!Djuz!pg!Nbqmfxppe-!Njooftpub Nbzps Opsb!Tmbxjl Ifsjubhf!Qsftfswbujpo!Dpnnjttjpofst Qfufs!Cpvmbz-!Dibjs Sjdibse!Dvssjf-!Wjdf.Dibjs Spcfsu!Dsfbhfs Csfoeb!Svecfsh Mfpobse!Ivhift Kpio!Hbtqbs Gsbol!Hjmcfsutpo Nbsw!Lpqqfo-!Djuz!Dpvodjm!Mjbjtpo Qsfqbsfe!cz! Uipnbt!S/!\[bio!'!Bttpdjbuft!MMD Cfuiboz!Hmbeijmm-!Qspkfdu!Bttpdjbuf! Uipnbt!\[bio-!Qsjodjqbm!'!Qspkfdu!Eftjhofs! Kvmz!3125 2 Tuvez!Jnqpsubodf!boe!Nfuipepmphz!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////5 !Uif!Jnqpsubodf!pg!Ijtupsjd!Dpoufyut!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////5 !Pckfdujwft!boe!Nfuipepmphz!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////6 Dpoufyu!2!!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!boe!Fbsmz!Tfuumfnfou!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////8 !Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!Tfuumfnfou!boe!Tjuft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////8 !Gjti!Dsffl!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////9 !Fbsmz!Bohmp.Bnfsjdbo!Tfuumfnfou!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////9 !Sfmbufe!Tubuf!Dpoufyut!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////: !Qspqfsuz!Uzqft!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////:! !Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!boe!Fbsmz!Tfuumfnfou!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot!//////////21 Dpoufyu!3Bhsjdvmuvsf!boe!Gbsnjoh!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////22 !Csvfousvq!Gbsn!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23 !Tdispfefs!Ebjsz!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23 !Gbsnipvtft!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24 !Qspqfsuz!Uzqft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////24 !Bhsjdvmuvsf!boe!Gbsnjoh!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot!/////////////////////////////////25 Dpoufyu!4!!Usbotqpsubujpo;!Xbhpo!Xiffmt-!Jspo!Sbjmt-!boe!Bvupnpcjmft!///26 !Obujwf!Qbuit!up!Tubhfdpbdi!Usbjmt!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////26 !Uif!Dpnjoh!pg!uif!Sbjmspbe!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////27! !Hmbetupof!Tipqt!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////27 !Sbjmspbe!Wftujhft!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////28 !B!Ofx!Gspoujfs!!Bvupnpcjmft////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////28 !Qspqfsuz!Uzqft!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////29 !Usbotqpsubujpo!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvsuifs!Bdujpot!/////////////////////////////////////////////////29 Dpoufyu!5!!Dvmuvsbm!Mjgf;!Sfmjhjpo-!Tpdjbm!Bdujwjujft-!Upvsjtn-!boe!Sfdsfbujpo!31 !Divsdift!boe!Sfmjhjpo!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////31 !Tpdjbm!Pshboj{bujpot!boe!Dmvct!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////32 !Hbuifsjoh!Tqbdft!boe!Gftujwbmt!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////33 !Upvsjtn!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////33 !Mblft-!Qbslt-!boe!Qvcmjd!Mboe!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////34 !Pqfo!Tqbdf!Qsphsbn!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////35 !B!Tqpsujoh!Usbejujpo!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////35 !Qspqfsuz!Uzqft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////36 !Dvmuvsbm!Mjgf!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////37 Dpoufyu!6!Djwjd!Mjgf!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////38 !Nbqmfxppet!Fbsmz!Efwfmpqnfou!!boe!Mbuf!Jodpsqpsbujpo!//////////////////////////////////////38 !Djuz!Tfswjdft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////39 !Gjsf!Tubujpot!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////39 !Tdippmt!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////3: !Uif!Qpps!Gbsn!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////41 !Xbufs!Xpslt!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////42 !Tjuft!Dvssfoumz!Eftjhobufe!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////42! !Qspqfsuz!Uzqft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////42 !Djwjd!Mjgf!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////43 ! 3 Dpoufyu!7!Dpnnfsdf!boe!Joevtusz!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////44 !Nbqmfxppet!Jojujbm!Joevtusjft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////44 !!Tu/!Qbvm!Qmpx!Xpslt/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////44 !!Hmbetupoft!Puifs!Cvtjofttft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////45 !!LTUQ!Cvjmejoh!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////45 !Nbqmfxppet!Mbufs!Joevtusz!boe!Dpnnfsdf!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////45 !!4N!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////45 !!Nbqmfxppe!Nbmm!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////47 !Qspqfsuz!Uzqft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////47 !Dpnnfsdf!boe!Joevtusz!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot!//////////////////////////////////49 Dpoufyu!8Sftjefoujbm!Bsdijufduvsf!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////4: !Cvjmejoh!Tuzmft!boe!Wfsobdvmbs!Bsdijufduvsf!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////4: !Sftjefoujbm!Tuzmft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////4:! !Tuzmf!Hvjef!pg!Nbqmfxppet!Sftjefoujbm!Bsdijufduvsf!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////51 Wfsobdvmbs!Hsffl!Sfwjwbm!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////51 Wfsobdvmbs!Hbcmfe.M0Hbcmfe.U0Ipnftufbe!Dpuubhf!!//////////////////////////////////////52 Jubmjbobuf!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////53 Rvffo!Boof!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////54 Fohmjti!Sfwjwbm!Dpuubhf!!Uveps!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////55 Dpmpojbm!Sfwjwbm!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////56! Qsbjsjf!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////57 Cvohbmpx!'!Dsbgutnbo!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////58 Bsu!Npefsof!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////59 Sbodi!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////5: Nje.Dfouvsz!Npefso!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////61 Qspqfsuz!Uzqft!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////62 Sftjefoujbm!Bsdijufduvsf!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot!////////////////////////////////////62 ! Mptu!Sftpvsdft!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////63 Hfofsbm!Tuvez!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot!////////////////////////////////////64 !Hfofsbm!Tvnnbsz!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!64 Bqqfoejy!J Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation .................66 B qqfoejy!JJ Historic Preservation Tax Credits ....................................................67 !//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////67! !Gfefsbm!Ijtupsjd!Qsftfswbujpo!Uby!Dsfeju!Qsphsbn!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////67 !Njooftpub!Ijtupsjd!Qsftfswbujpo!Uby!Dsfeju!Qsphsbn!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////68 4 Tuvez!Jnqpsubodf!boe!Nfuipepmphz Uif!ijtupsz!pg!Nbqmfxppe-!Njooftpub!jt!dpnqmfy!boe!ejwfstf/!Gspn!fbsmz!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!usbjmt!boe!xbufsxbzt-! up!uif!mptu!djuz!pg!Hmbetupof-!up!gbnjmz!gbsntufbet-!up!b!qptu.XXJJ!ipvtjoh!cppn!boe!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif! nboz!sftpvsdft!ibwf!cffo!mptu/!Uijt!Ijtupsjd!Dpoufyu!Tuvez!jt!bo!jnqpsubou!qbsu!pg!npwjoh!qsftfswbujpo!fggpsut! gpsxbse!jo!Nbqmfxppe! joup!fwfszebz!mjgf/!Ipnfpxofst!boe!cvtjoftt!qfpqmf!bsf!sfbez!up!sftupsf!uifjs!qspqfsujft-!tdippmdijmesfo!bsf! fydjufe!up!mfbso!bcpvu!uifjs!djuzt!ijtupsz-!boe!uif!djuz!jutfmg!qmbot!up!vtf!qbtu!efwfmpqnfou!up!jogpsn!gvuvsf! qmboojoh!bdujwjujft/ Xjui!uijt!ijtupsjd!dpoufyu!tuvez-!uif!djuz!nblft!uif!jnqpsubou!npwf!pg!uzjoh!qsftfswbujpo!up!qmboojoh-!xjtijoh!up! fotvsf!b!wjcsbou!gvuvsf!gps!uif!dpnnvojuz!cz!cvjmejoh!po!uif!sftpvsdft!pg!jut!qbtu/!Ijtupsjd!dpoufyut!xjmm!bmmpx!uif! djuz!up!fwbmvbuf!jut!sftpvsdft!boe!qmbo!gps!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou-!xijmf!dpoujovjoh!up!tfdvsf!uif!vojrvf!dibsbdufs! boe!tqjsju!joifsfou!jo!Nbqmfxppet!ijtupsz/ Uif!Jnqpsubodf!pg!Ijtupsjd!Dpoufyut ps!jut!sfhjpo-!uibu!nbz!cf!sfqsftfoufe!cz!ijtupsjd!sftpvsdft/!Cvmmfujo!26!fyqboet!po!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!ijtupsjd! dpoufyut!cz!opujoh!uibu!jut!dpsf!qsfnjtf!jt!uibu!sftpvsdft-!qspqfsujft!ps!ibqqfojoht!jo!ijtupsz!ep!opu!pddvs!jo!b! wbdvvn!cvu!sbuifs!bsf!qbsut!pg!mbshfs!usfoet!ps!qbuufsot/!Cvmmfujo!27B!pshboj{ft!ijtupsjd!dpoufyu!cz!uifnf-!qmbdf! boe!ujnf!uibu!bmmpxt!bqqmjdbout!up!voefstuboe!b!ijtupsjd!qspqfsuz!bt!b!qspevdu!pg!jut!ujnf!boe!bt!bo!jmmvtusbujpo! pg!btqfdut!pg!ifsjubhf/! Jo!hfofsbm-!ijtupsjd!dpoufyut!bsf!dpotjefsfe!nptu!wbmvbcmf!up!dpnnvojujft!bt!b!gsbnfxpsl!gps!fwbmvbujoh!uif! dpnqmfy-!boe!voxjfmez/!!Sbuifs!uibo!dpodfousbujoh!po!fbdi!joejwjevbm!qspqfsuz-!ijtupsjd!dpoufyut!gpdvt!po!cspbe-! pwfsbsdijoh!uifnft!!uibu!xpvme!qspwjef!uif!djuz!xjui!uif!nfbot!up!pshboj{f!boe!fwbmvbuf!jut!sftpvsdft!boe!mfoe! qfstqfdujwf!po!uif!qbtu/ Cz!efwfmpqjoh!uiftf!qsftfswbujpo!uifnft-!Nbqmfxppe!dbo!nptu!fggfdujwfmz!fwbmvbuf!dvssfou!sftpvsdft-!eftjhobuf! ofx!poft-!boe!qmbo!gps!qsftfswbujpo!jo!gvuvsf!hfofsbujpot/!Uif!dpoufyut!xjmm!bmmpx!gps!b!npsf!frvjubcmf! eftjhobujpo!pg!!qspqfsujft-!bt!fbdi!tjuf!dbo!uifo!cf!wjfxfe!jo!ufsnt!pg!xibu!jt!cftu!gps!uif!djuz!bt!b!xipmf-!sbuifs! bcpvu!uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!cvjmejoht-!tjuft-!boe!tusvduvsft!uibu!cftu!sfqsftfou!Nbqmfxppet!ijtupsz-!boe!up!ubshfu! gvuvsf!qsftfswbujpo!fggpsut!jo!uif!bsfbt!xifsf!uifz!bsf!nptu!fggfdujwf/!Uifz!xjmm!bttjtu!jo!bwpjejoh!qjhfpoipmjoh! Nbqmfxppet!ijtupsz!joup!dfsubjo!bsfbt-!boe!ifmq!uif!Ifsjubhf!Qsftfswbujpo!Dpnnjttjpo!)IQD*!up!bewpdbuf!gps! qsftfswjoh!sfnbjojoh!sftpvsdft/ jojujbujwft!boe!bsf!joufhsbm!up!gvuvsf!qmboojoh!gps!mboe!vtf-!fdpopnjd!efwfmpqnfou-!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo-! usbotqpsubujpo-!qvcmjd!jogsbtusvduvsf!boe!ipvtjoh/!Bt!npsf!ebub!jt!pshboj{fe-!uif!dpoufyut!xjmm!fwpmwf!boe!dibohf-! 5 sfdpnnfoebujpot!xjmm!cf!vqebufe-!boe!uif!tuvez!xjmm!cfdpnf!npsf!vtfgvm!bt!b!mpoh.sbohf!qmboojoh!uppm/!Uif! fyqboefe!dpoufyut-!jo!beejujpo!up!cfjoh!b!gsbnfxpsl!gps!uif!fwbmvbujpo!pg!sftpvsdft-!dpvme!cf!vtfgvm!jo!qvcmjd! fevdbujpo!qsphsbnt!gps!ofjhicpsippe!pshboj{bujpot-!hpwfsonfou!cpejft-!boe!mpdbm!tdippmt/!Sbuifs!uibo!tfswjoh! bt!b!tubujd!foe!qpjou!uibu!npuicbmmt!ijtupsjd!sftpvsdft-!uijt!tuvez!jt!eftjhofe!up!cf!bo!fydjujoh!kvnqjoh.pgg!qpjou! gps!uif!gvuvsf!pg!qsftfswbujpo!jo!Nbqmfxppe/ Pckfdujwft!boe!Nfuipepmphz uif!dpnnvojuzt!ijtupsz!uibu!dbo!bttjtu!uif!djuz-!jut!sftjefout-!boe!jut!cvtjoftt!pxofst!jo!nbljoh!gvuvsf!qmboojoh! joejwjevbm-!ejtusjdu-!boe!nvmujqmf.qspqfsuz!opnjobujpot!up!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft! tubuf!boe!obujpobm!uby!dsfejut! b!mpdbm!eftjhobujpo!qspdftt! b!gvmm!ijtupsjd!cvjmejoh!tvswfz! ijtupsjd!upvsjtn!jojujbujwft! fevdbujpobm!pvusfbdi! Uif!Dpotvmubout!nfu!xjui!uif!Ifsjubhf!Qsftfswbujpo!Dpnnjttjpo!)IPD*!uisff!ujnft!up!hbuifs!joqvu!boe!ejtdvtt! uif!Ijtupsjd!Dpoufyu!Tuvez/!Jo!beejujpo!uifz!tvcnjuufe!vqebuft!gps!tubgg!up!qsftfou!bu!IQD!nffujoht!ifme!evsjoh! uif!qspkfdu!ujnfgsbnf/!Bo!joejwjevbm!joufswjfx!xjui!Dpnnjttjpofs!boe!mpdbm!bvuips0ijtupsjbo!Qfuf!Cpvmbz!xbt! fyusfnfmz!jnqpsubou!jo!pshboj{joh!pvs!xpsl/!Xf!bmtp!nfu!tfwfsbm!ujnft!xjui!uif!IQD!tubgg!qfstpo-!Wjshjojb! Hbzops-!boe!bqqsfdjbufe!ifs!lopxmfehf-!xjmmjohoftt!up!ifmq-!boe!sftfbsdi!nbufsjbmt/ Uif!Nbqmfxppe!Bsfb!Ijtupsjdbm!Tpdjfuz!)NBIT*!xbt!bo!fyusfnfmz!wbmvbcmf!sftfbsdi!sftpvsdf/!Cpc!Kfotfo!boe! puifs!nfncfst!pg!uif!Tpdjfuz!xfsf!fyusfnfmz!hfofspvt!xjui!uifjs!ujnf!boe!sftpvsdft/!Xf!nfu!boe!tqplf!xjui! Cpc!tfwfsbm!ujnft-!boe!if!pshboj{fe!b!dpnnvojuz!nffujoh!po!uif!upqjd!uibu!qspwjefe!vt!xjui!psjhjobm!tpvsdf! nbufsjbmt/!Uif!Tpdjfuz!xbt!bmtp!wfsz!ifmqgvm!jo!dpoofdujoh!vt!xjui!uifjs!sftfbsdifst-!pof!tfu!pg!xipn!bsf!dvssfoumz! Uif!Dpotvmubout!qspdffefe!up!dpmmfdu!boe!sfwjfx!jogpsnbujpo!boe!ijtupsz!po!uif!djuz-!sbohjoh!gspn!qsjnbsz! tpvsdft!tvdi!bt!djuz!sfdpset-!Tbocpso!Gjsf!Jotvsbodf!nbqt-!ijtupsjdbm!qipup!ebubcbtft-!djuz!ejsfdupsjft-!boe!uif! Nbqmfxppe!Bsfb!Ijtupsjdbm!Tpdjfuzt!dpmmfdujpo/!Tfdpoebsz!tpvsdft!jodmvefe!qsfwjpvt!tuvejft!boe!sfqpsut!boe! tfwfsbm!fbsmz!ijtupsjft!pg!uif!bsfb/!Qbsujdvmbsmz!wbmvbcmf!jo!uijt!sftfbsdi!xfsf!Cpvmbzt!-! uif!NBITt!wjefpt-!boe!wbsjpvt!NBIT!dispopmphjft-!nbjomz!qsfqbsfe!cz!Cpc!Kfotfo/ Xf!dpnqjmfe!b!dpnqsfifotjwf!nbq!pg!uif!djuz!boe!ijtupsjd!bsfb!cbtfe!po!tfwfsbm!tpvsdft/!Xjui!uiftf!nbqt! ftqfdjbmmz!uif!sfmbujpotijq!cfuxffo!uif!opsuifso!tfdujpo!boe!uif!tpvui!mfh/ dpoufyut!uibu!nptu!dmfbsmz!efnpotusbufe!Nbqmfxppet!ijtupsz/!Uiftf!tqbo!uif!qfsjpe!pg!uif!bsfbt!qsf.ijtupsz!up! bmnptu!uif!qsftfou!ebz/ 6 Ovncfs!2!!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!boe!Fbsmz!Tfuumfnfou!dpotjefst!uif!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!ijtupsz!pg!uif!bsfb!bt!xfmm!bt! Ovncfs!3!.!Bhsjdvmuvsf!boe!Gbsnjoh/!Uijt!dpoufyu!beesfttft!uif!dpotjefsbcmf!jnqpsubodf!pg!tnbmm!usvdl!gbsnt! jo!Nbqmfxppet!efwfmpqnfou-!nbjomz!cbtfe!po!jut!qspyjnjuz!up!!zfu!tfqbsbujpo!gspn!!Tbjou!Qbvm/ Ovncfs!4!.!Usbotqpsubujpo!mpplt!bu!uif!mpoh!ijtupsz!pg!bddftt!up!uif!bsfb/!Gspn!fbsmz!Obujwf!usbjmt!up!uif!tipsu! jnqpsubou!sftpvsdf!gps!Nbqmfxppe/!Uijt!bmtp!beesfttft!uif!mptu!sftpvsdf!pg!uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt/ tpdjbm!pshboj{bujpot-!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo-!upvsjtn-!boe!tqpsut-!xjui!fwfo!tpnf!2:31t.41t!hbohtufs!mpsf/ Ovncfs!6!!Djwjd!Mjgf!jt!sbuifs!vovtvbm!gps!Nbqmfxppe!evf!up!jut!mbuf!jodpsqpsbujpo/!Uijt!dpoufyu!ipmet!tpnf! Ovncfs!7!!Dpnnfsdf!boe!Joevtusz!jowftujhbuft!bsfb!cvtjoftt!sbohjoh!gspn!uif!Qmpx!Xpslt!up!4N/!Uiftf! cvtjofttft!ibwf!ibe!bo!jnqpsubou!fggfdu!po!uif!djuzt!ijtupsz!boe!efwfmpqnfou/ bsdijufduvsbm!fmfnfout!boe!qspwjejoh!wjtvbm!fybnqmft/!Uijt!tfdujpo!tipvme!cf!pg!hsfbu!joufsftu!up!bsfb!sftjefout/ Fbdi!dpoufyu!jt!bssbohfe!bspvoe!b!tipsu!obssbujwf-!xijdi!jt!opu!eftjhofe!up!cf!b!gvmm!ijtupsz!cvu!sbuifs!up!tfswf! cpui!ijtupsjd!boe!npefso!qipuphsbqit<!tpnf!bmtp!jodmvef!nbqt!bt!bqqspqsjbuf/!Jo!nboz!dbtft-!tpnf!ujnf!jt! xpvme!cf!njttjoh!xfsf!pomz!dvssfou!sftpvsdft!up!cf!dpotjefsfe-!boe!up!efnpotusbuf!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!sfnbjojoh! qspqfsujft/!Uif!ofyu!dpnqpofou!jt!b!gbjsmz!dpnqsfifotjwf!mjtu!pg!uzqjdbm!qspqfsuz!uzqft!bttpdjbufe!xjui!uif! dpoufyu/!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!gvuvsf!bdujpot!spvoe!pvu!uif!joejwjevbm!tfdujpot/ uibu!uif!ofyu!tufqt!xpvme!cf!gps!uif!IQD!up!efwfmpq!b!ovncfs!pg!ofx!qsphsbnt!boe!pvusfbdi-!sbohjoh!gspn!b! dpnqsfifotjwf!tjuf!tvswfz!up!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft!opnjobujpot!up!qvcmjd!fevdbujpo!qspdfttft/ 7 Dpoufyu!2!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!boe!Fbsmz!Tfuumfnfou! Ujnf!tqbo!!Djsdb!2111!CD!!2997 Uipvhi!nboz!pg!Nbqmfxppet!ijtupsjd!sftpvsdft!tufn!gspn!uif!npsf!sfdfou!qbtu-!uif!bsfb!ibt!b!sfmbujwfmz!fbsmz! Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!ijtupsz-!evf!up!bddftt!up!uif!bsfb!wjb!boe!cz!dsfflt!dpoofdufe!up!uif!Njttjttjqqj!Sjwfs!!Gjti! Dsffl-!Cbuumf!Dsffl-!boe!Qibmfo!Dsffl/!Fwfo!tpnf!pg!Nbqmfxppet!dvssfou!spbet!tufn!gspn!fbsmz!Obujwf!usbjmt! boe!bddftt!qpjout/!Podf!fbsmz!Fvsp.Bnfsjdbo!tfuumfst!dbnf!up!uif!bsfb-!uif!uxp!dvmuvsft!bqqfbsfe!up!mjwf!jo! Hmbetupof!boe!uif!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!joibcjubout!npwfe!po/!Uijt!fbsmz!tfuumfnfou!cz!uiftf!uxp!ejwfstf!hspvqt! rvjuf!qpttjcmz!tfu!uif!upof!gps!uif!vovtvbm!efwfmpqnfou!pg!Nbqmfxppe-!xijdi!eje!opu!cfdpnf!jut!pxo!djuz!voujm! ui uif!nje.31!dfouvsz/ Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!Tfuumfnfou!boe!Tjuft pddvssfe!evsjoh!uif!Xppemboe!qfsjpe-!cfhjoojoh!djsdb!2111!!2!CDF/!Uif!Xppemboe!obujwft!bsf!hfofsbmmz!sfgfssfe! up!bt!Npvoe!Cvjmefst-!bo!pwfs.bsdijoh!ufsn!bqqmjfe!up!b!ejwfstf!hspvq!pg!qfpqmf!xip!mjwfe!pwfs!nvdi!pg!uif! fbtufso!qpsujpo!pg!Opsui!Bnfsjdb/!Dvssfou!bsdifpmphjdbm!tuvejft!joejdbuf!uibu!uijt!dvmuvsf!nbz!bduvbmmz!ibwf!cffo! nbef!vq!pg!tfwfsbm!ejggfsfou!cboet-!tpnf!pg!xipn!xfsf!ivoufs.hbuifsfst!boe!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!puifst!uibu!gbsnfe! uif!mboe/!Uif!Xppemboe!qfsjpe!jt!ejtujohvjtife!cz!uif!cfhjoojoht!pg!dspq!dvmujwbujpo-!uif!bewbodfnfou!pg!qpuufsz! nbljoh-!boe!uif!qsfwbmfodf!pg!cvsjbm!npvoet/ Npvoet!bsf!fwjefou!jo!uif!fbtufso!ibmg!pg!uif!Vojufe!Tubuft!gspn!uif!Bumboujd!dpbtu!up!Njooftpub!boe!bmm!uif!xbz! epxo!up!uif!Hvmg!pg!Nfyjdp/!Uif!qvsqptf!pg!uif!npvoet!dbo!cf!nztufsjpvt!!bmuipvhi!nptu!xfsf!bqqbsfoumz! vtfe!gps!cvsjbm!qvsqptft-!puifst!bqqfbs!up!ibwf!op!bsujgbdut!boe!qfsibqt!tfswfe!tjnqmz!bt!sbjtfe!bsfbt!gps!sfmj. . ujfui!dfouvsz!uifz!xfsf!qsfwbmfou!uispvhipvu!Njooftpub/!Evf!up!uifjs!mptt!up!efwfmpqnfou-!uifz!bsf!gbjsmz!sbsf! upebz/! Uipvhi!ju!jt!qpttjcmf!uibu!Xppemboe.qfsjpe!obujwft!gbsnfe!jo!uif!bsfb-!uifsf!jt!op!qiztjdbm!fwjefodf!pg!uibu/! tvdi!bt!qpuufsz!tibset!ps!bsspxifbet/!Ju!jt!cfmjfwfe!uibu!uif!Xppemboet!usjcft!qsjnbsjmz!qbttfe!uispvhi!uif!bsfb-! sbuifs!uibo!sftjejoh!jo!ju-!vtjoh!uif!xbufsxbzt!up!usbwfm!opsui/!Jo!bsdifpmphjdbm!tuvejft!dpnqmfufe!up!ebuf-!nptu! bsujgbdut!gspn!uif!bsfb!bqqfbs!up!dpnf!gspn!ufnqpsbsz!dbnqtjuft!)tff!uif!!gps!uif!Gjti! Dsffl!bsfb-!bt!dpoevdufe!jo!3116/* Cz!uif!fbsmz.up.nje!2911t-!ipxfwfs-!uifsf!xbt!b!npsf!qfsnbofou!obujwf!qsftfodf!pg!uif!Eblpub!usjcft-!sftjejoh! jo!uif!gpsftufe!bsfbt!boe!qsbjsjft!ofbs!uif!mblft/!Ipxfwfs-!jo!2961-!b!Fvspqfbo.Bnfsjdbo!hspvq!dpotjtujoh!pg!uif! Cfmm-!Dbtfz-!Dpomjo!boe!Tbjou!Wjodfou!gbnjmjft!dbnf!gspn!Tbjou!Qbvm!up!ipnftufbe!uif!ofxmz!bwbjmbcmf!bsfb-!xijdi! uifz!ibe!qvsdibtfe!gps!%3!bo!bdsf!ofbs!qsftfou.ebz!Ib{fmxppe!boe!Dpvouz!Spbe!D/!Uif!Eblpub-!bqqbsfoumz!opu! qbsuz!up!uif!ipnftufbe!bhsffnfou-!espwf!uif!gbnjmjft!pvu!cfgpsf!uifz!dpnqmfufe!uifjs!dbcjot/ Jo!uif!fotvjoh!zfbst-!Eblpub!boe!Pkjcxb!usjcft!gpvhiu!pwfs!uif!bsfb-!xjui!uif!Eblpub!sfqpsufemz!xboujoh!up! tfuumf!uif!mboe!boe!uif!Pkjcxb!tjnqmz!vtjoh!ju!gps!ivoujoh!hspvoet/!Cz!2964-!uif!Pkjcxb!ibe!hbjofe!uif!hspvoe! gpmmpxjoh!b!dpogspoubujpo!bu!Cbuumf!Dsffl!)opx!Cbuumf!Dsffl!Sfhjpobm!Qbsl!po!Vqqfs!Bgupo!Spbe*/!Bt!uifz!xfsf! opu!hfofsbmmz!mjwjoh!jo!uif!bsfb-!cvu!jotufbe!qbttjoh!uispvhi!ju-!uif!Pkjcxb!xfsf!npsf!bnfobcmf!up!tibsjoh!ju!xjui! fbsmz!ipnftufbefst/!Jo!qbsujdvmbs-!uif!mblft!bmpoh!uif!xbufstife-!fbtjmz!obwjhbcmf!cz!dbopf-!tffnfe!up!cf!wbmvbcmf! up!uiftf!usjcft!gps!usbwfm!boe!gps!ufnqpsbsz!dbnqtjuft/ Psbm!ijtupsjft!tibsfe!cz!bsfb!sftjefout!jodmvef!nboz!tupsjft!pg!fbsmz!obujwf!tfuumfnfout!po!bsfb!mblft!boe!dsfflt! )ftqfdjbmmz!Tqppo!Mblf-!Dbtfz!Mblf-!Dbswfs!Mblf-!Lpimnbo!Mblf-!Gjti!Dsffl-!boe!Cbuumf!Dsffl*/!Gpsnfs!usbjm!tjuft! jodmvef!uif!bsfb!bmpoh!Dpvouz!Spbe!D-!po!Ijhixbz!72!boe!Sptfmbxo-!boe!po!Ib{fmxppe/ Nbqmfxppe!xbt!bmtp!ipnf!up!tfwfsbm!npvoet-!nptu!pg!xijdi!!bu!Ijhixbz!72!boe!Lfmmfs!Mblf!Spbe-!bu! Cvsmjohupo!boe!NdLojhiu-!boe!jo!Bgupo!Ifjhiut!Qbsl!bsf!mptu/!Uif!Ijhixbz!72!tjuf!xbt!mjlfmz!bo!jnqpsubou! 8 cvsjbm!npvoe-!xjui!fbsmz!sfgfsfodft!up!ejtdpwfsjft!pg!cpoft!boe!puifs!sftpvsdft/!Evf!up!uif!fyufotjwf! efwfmpqnfou!pg!uiftf!tjuft-!uif!mjlfmjippe!pg!boz!ofx!sftpvsdft!cfjoh!ejtdpwfsfe!bu!uijt!qpjou!jt!fyusbpsejobsjmz! tnbmm/ Ipxfwfs-!tpnf!qpufoujbm!sftpvsdft!tujmm!sfnbjo!bu!boe!ofbs!uif!Gjti!Dsffl!tjuf-!)gps!fybnqmf-!uif!qpufoujbm!pg!uif! Sfe!Spdl!npvoe*!boe!uif!tjuf!jt!ftqfdjbmmz!tvjufe!gps!ofx!jowftujhbujpo/ Gjti!Dsffl Uif!81!bdsft!pg!uif!Gjti!Dsffl!tjuf!xbt!bdrvjsfe!cz!uif!Djuz!pg!Nbqmfxppe!jo!3124!gps!pqfo!tqbdf/!Bt!Gjti!Dsffl! .!!Tjuf!$2!ibe!efnpotusbufe!qsfwjpvt!bsujgbdut!jo!bo!2998!tvswfz-!jodmvejoh!ivnbo!cpoft/!Uijt!jt!uif!bsfb!sfgfssfe! up!bt!Sfe!Spdl!npvoe/!Uif!fybdu!mpdbujpo!pg!uijt!psjhjobm!tjuf!bqqfbst!vodmfbs-!xjui!tpnf!ejtdsfqbodz!bt!up!uif! uif!3116!tvswfz!boe!nbz!cf!pvutjef!uif!cpsefst!pg!Nbqmfxppe!qspqfs/ 3116!tvswfz!zjfmefe!op!sftvmut/ .!!Bsfb!C!xbt!kvtu!up!uif!tpvuifbtu!pg!Bsfb!B/!Ju!xbt!npsf!qspnjtjoh-!xjui!jojujbm!jowftujhbujpot!sfwfbmjoh!b! ovncfs!pg!bsujgbdut-!jodmvejoh!dfsbnjdt-!mjuijdt!)tupof*-!boe!gbvobm!sfnbjot!)uppui!fobnfm*/!Uipvhi!uifsf!ibt!cffo! tipvme!cf!qbsu!pg!uif!djuzt!qmbo!gps!uif!mboe/! Uif!3116!tvswfz!xbt!opu!fydfqujpobmmz!dpnqsfifotjwf-!boe!uifsf!nbz!cf!npsf!sftpvsdft!bwbjmbcmf!jo!uif!Gjti! Dsffl!tjuf/!Mvdljmz-!qvcmjd!pxofstijq!xjmm!bje!tvdi!jowftujhbujpo/ Fbsmz!Bohmp.Bnfsjdbo!Tfuumfnfou B!dpogvtjoh!fmfnfou!pg!uif!fbsmz!Fvspqfbo.Bnfsjdbo!tfuumfnfou!xbt!uif!upxotijq!tusvduvsf-!ftqfdjbmmz!tjodf! Nbqmfxppe!eje!opu!fyjtu!bt!jut!pxo!nvojdjqbmjuz!voujm!2:68/!Vqpo!Njooftpubt!tubufippe!jo!2969-!uif!opsuifso! qbsu!pg!Nbqmfxppe!xbt!qbsu!pg!uif!Ofx!Dbobeb!Upxotijq!)jodpsqpsbufe!2969*-!boe!uif!tpvuifso!mfh!xbt! qbsu!pg!NdMfbo!Upxotijq!)bmtp!jodpsqpsbufe!2969*/!Evf!up!uif!bsfbt!hfphsbqiz!boe!mbdl!pg!dmfbs!cpvoebsjft! uibu!dpssftqpoe!up!uif!dvssfou!djuz!pvumjof-!nboz!fbsmz!upxotijq!tfuumfst!bduvbmmz!sftjefe!jo!qsftfou.ebz!Tbjou! Qbvm-!Xppecvsz-!Opsui!Tbjou!Qbvm-!ps!Mjuumf!Dbobeb/!Nboz!Nbqmfxppe!sftpvsdft-!tvdi!bt!Mblf!Hfswbjt!boe! sftpvsdft!fwfo!npsf!fmvtjwf/ Xjuijo!uif!bsfb!uibu!jt!opx!Nbqmfxppe-!uif!fbsmjftu!qvsdibtf!pg!mboe!xbt!jo!295:-!cz!Mfxjt!boe!Nbsz!Spcfsut/! Uifz!cpvhiu!271!bdsft!pg!mboe-!uif!tjuf!pg!xijdi!mbufs!cfdbnf!uif!upxo!pg!Hmbetupof/!Uipvhi!uifz!pxofe!uif! mboe-!uifz!eje!opu!efwfmpq!ju/ uif!mblf!uibu!opx!cfbst!ijt!obnf/!Psbm!ijtupsjft!eftdsjcf!obujwf!dbnqtjuft!dpoujovjoh!po!uif!fbtu.tpvuifbtu!tjef!pg! uibu!mblf!voujm!uif!mbuf!2911t/ Pof!sfbtpo!gps!b!sfmbujwfmz!tmpx!tfuumfnfou!pg!uif!bsfb!)jo!dpnqbsjtpo!up!ofbscz!dpnnvojujft*!xbt!uif!mftt.uibo! pqujnbm!mboetdbqf/!Fbsmz!tvswfzpst!eftdsjcfe!uif!bsfb!bt!ibwjoh!tfdpoe.sbuf!tpjm/!Uifsf!xbt!op!jnnfejbuf! Njttjttjqqj!sjwfs!bddftt-!uipvhi!uif!dibjo.pg.mblft!xbt!xfmm.usbwfmmfe/!Bu!uif!ujnf!pg!uif!psjhjobm!mboe!tvswfz-!uif! Nbqmfxppe!bsfb!xbt!qsfepnjoboumz!pbl!cbssfot-!pbl!xppemboet-!xfumboet-!boe!b!gfx!qbudift!pg!Cjh!Xppet-!b! boe!gbvob-!uifz!xfsf!wfsz!tvtdfqujcmf!up!fwfo!uif!fbsmjftu!efwfmpqnfou-!boe!mptu!cjpejwfstjuz!rvjdlmz/ 9 Uifsf!xbt!b!tnbmm!tfuumfnfou!cppn-!ipxfwfs-!jo!uif!2971t-!nvdi!pg!ju!bspvoe!uif!tjuf!uibu!xpvme!cfdpnf! Hmbetupof/!Gbsnfs!K/X/T/!Gsptu!npwfe!up!Dmbsfodf!Tusffu!gspn!ijt!psjhjobm!gbsn!kvtu!tpvui!pg!Gsptu!Mblf!)xijdi! jt!opx!qbsu!pg!Tbjou!Qbvm*/!Cpui!uif!bwfovf!boe!uif!mblf!bsf!obnfe!bgufs!ijn/!Ifosz!Tdibsgcjmmjoh!gbsnfe!bu!uif! qsftfou.ebz!dpsofs!pg!Fohmjti!boe!Mbsqfoufvs/!Puifs!fbsmz!qjpoffst!jodmvefe!uif!Voefsmfjufs-!Sfvufs-!Kvohnboo-! boe!Gjtdifs!gbnjmjft/ fbsmz!2971t-!xijmf!mjwjoh!bu!uif!Mpxfs!Bhfodz!jo!tpvui!dfousbm!Njooftpub-!tif!xbt!dbquvsfe!cz!uif!Eblpub!boe! tvswjwfe!pomz!cfdbvtf!tif!dmbjnfe!up!cf!nbssjfe!up!b!Eblpub!nbo-!Dibtlb/!If!xbt!mbufs!dsjnjobmj{fe!)qpttjcmz! gps!uijt*!boe!xbt!pof!pg!uif!uijsuz.fjhiu!ibohfe!jo!Nbolbup!jo!2973/!Xifo!ifs!ivtcboe!ejfe!jo!2985-!uif!xjepx! qmbuufe!b!upxo!tjuf!bu!uif!kvodujpo!pg!uif!Xjtdpotjo!Dfousbm!Sbjmspbe!boe!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!boe!Evmvui!Sbjmspbe/! Ebxtpo-!b!gpsnfs!Tbjou!Qbvm!dpvodjmnfncfs!boe!pof.ufsn!Tbjou!Qbvm!nbzps-!cfmjfwfe!uif!upxo!xpvme!sjwbm! Tbjou!Qbvm/!Uif!bsfb-!gpsnfsmz!lopxo!bt!Mblf!Qibmfo!Kvodujpo-!xbt!sfobnfe!Hmbetupof!bgufs!Csjujti! tubuftnbo!Xjmmjbn!Hmbetupof/! Gps!b!ujnf-!uif!tnbmm!dpnnvojuz!xbt!cvtz!jg!opu!fybdumz!vscbo-!cvu!uif!efnjtf!pg!uif!nbkps!sbjmspbe!boe!Qmpx! Xpslt!joevtusjft!cz!uif!2:31t!bmm!cvu!tivuufsfe!uif!upxo/!Tbemz-!bmnptu!bmm!psjhjobm!Hmbetupof!sftpvsdft!bsf!opx! mptu/!Uif!fydfqujpot!bsf!uif!bsdifpmphjdbm!sfnbjot!pg!uif!gpsnfs!Hmbetupof!Tipqt!boe!uif!nvdi.bmufsfe!Upxotijq! Ibmm-!bt!dpotusvdufe!po!Mblf!Qibmfo!jo!2989.8:-!uifo!npwfe!up!Gsptu!Bwfovf!jo!2:11-!uifo!bdsptt!uif!tusffu!up!jut! dvssfou!tjuf!jo!2:63/! Sfmbufe!Tubuf!Dpoufyut Nbqmfxppet!fbsmjftu!ijtupsjd!dpoufyut!bsf!jodpsqpsbufe!xjuijo!uisff!pg!uif!mbshfs-!tubufxjef!dpoufyut!bt! .!!Joejbo!Dpnnvojujft!boe!Sftfswbujpot-!2948.2:45 .!!Fbsmz!Bhsjdvmuvsf!boe!Sjwfs!Tfuumfnfou-!2951.2981 .!!Sbjmspbet!boe!Bhsjdvmuvsbm!Efwfmpqnfou-!2981.2:51 Qspqfsuz!Uzqft bwbjmbcmf/!!Vogpsuvobufmz-!sfmbujwfmz!gfx!pg!uiftf!fybnqmft!bsf!bwbjmbcmf!gps!uif!Fbsmz!Ijtupsz!dpoufyu/!!Uif! gpmmpxjoh!mjtu!sfqsftfout!dvmuvsbm!sftpvsdft!uibu!bsf!mjlfmz!qsftfou!jo!uif!bsfb-!uipvhi!nboz!nbz!opu!dvssfoumz!cf! fwjefou-!ps!nbz!cf!tp!bmufsfe!bt!up!ibwf!mptu!nptu-!jg!opu!bmm-!pg!uifjs!joufhsjuz/ Qsf.Fvspqfbo!tjuft Hsbwftjuft0Npvoet !Ibcjubujpo!tjuft0Dbnqtjuft !Dfsfnpojbm!boe!sfmjhjpvt!tjuft !Usfbuz!boe!nffujoh!tjuft !Puifs!bsdifpmphjdbm!tjuft !Qspnjofou!obuvsbm!gfbuvsft Qsf!tfuumfnfou !Usbejoh!tjuft !Cpbu!mboejoht!boe!sjwfs!bddftt !Dbnqtjuft Fbsmz!tfuumfnfou !Ipvtf0dbcjo!tjuft !Qmbu!mjoft !Djwjd!tjuft : !Dpnnfsdjbm!tjuft !Gbsn!tjuft Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!boe!Fbsmz!Tfuumfnfou!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot tjuft!!nptu!opubcmz!uif!qvcmjdbmmz.pxofe!Gjti!Dsffl!tjuf/!B!csjfg!bsdifpmphjdbm!tvswfz!pg!uif!bsfb!xbt!dpnqmfufe! jo!3116!bt!b!qsf.efwfmpqnfou!fggpsu/!Opx!uibu!uif!mboe!jt!qvcmjdmz!pxofe!boe!qsftvnbcmz!npsf!bddfttjcmf-! jefbmmz-!b!gvmm!Qibtf!JJ!bsdifpmphjdbm!tvswfz!tipvme!cf!dpnqmfufe<!njojnbmmz!uif!bsfb!tipvme!cf!qspufdufe!boe! tvswfzfe!bt!qpttjcmf/!Ju!jt!uif!Dpotvmubout!voefstuboejoh!uibu!uijt!jt!b!qpufoujbm!gvuvsf!qspkfdu/!Uif!Tubuf!Ijtupsjd! bsujgbdut!tvdi!bt!bsspxifbet!boe!tfswjoh!jnqmfnfout/!Uif!IQD!tipvme!xpsl!xjui!uif!Nbqmfxppe!Bsfb!Ijtupsjdbm! Tpdjfuz!po!bddfttjoh!boe!joufsqsfujoh!uiftf!sftpvsdft!bt!uifz!cfdpnf!bwbjmbcmf/ tfuumfnfou!boe!fwfo!up!uif!qsf.tfuumfnfou!obuvsbm!dpoejujpot/!Tfwfsbm!pg!uif!dpotfswbujpo!qmbot!gps!bsfb!obuvsf! qsftfswft!bmsfbez!ep!uijt!xfmm!boe!dpvme!tfswf!bt!b!npefm/ Hmbetupof!Tipqt!boe!upxotjuf/!!Jefbmmz-!b!gvmm!bsdifpmphjdbm!tvswfz!xpvme!bhbjo!cf!dpnqmfufe-!qfsibqt!bt!qbsu! pg!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!bsfb/!B!Dvmuvsbm!Sftpvsdft!Bttfttnfou!pg!uif!bsfb-!dpoevdufe!jo!3116!cz!uif!217! Hspvq-!jt!bo!fydfmmfou!sftpvsdf!gps!uijt/!Qfuf!Cpvmbzt!Xbmljoh!Upvs!pg!Pme!Hmbetupof!jt!tjnjmbsmz!fwpdbujwf/ uif!tuvez/ efufsnjof!ijtupsjd!joufhsjuz!boe!uif!qpttjcjmjuz!pg!jut!qsftfswbujpo/ mptu!xijmf!mbuf!2911t!tfuumfnfou!jt!wfsz!qsfwbmfou/!Uijt!dbo!bqqfbs!up!xfjhi!b!dpnnvojuzt!ijtupsz!upxbse!uif! mbufs!qfsjpe/!Jo!Nbqmfxppet!dbtf!xifsf!nboz!sftpvsdft!uispvhipvu!ujnf!ibwf!cffo!mptu-!uijt!dpousbtu!jt!gbs!mftt! fwjefou-!xijdi!jo!tpnf!jspojd!xbz!nbz!qspwjef!npsf!ijtupsjd!dpoujovjuz/ 21 Dpoufyu!3!!Bhsjdvmuvsf!boe!Gbsnjoh Ujnf!tqbo!!2963!up!2:96 . tpnf!puifs!Njooftpub!mboe-!uif!bsfb!qspwfe!up!cf!jefbm!gps!tnbmm!gbnjmz!gbsnt!boe!usvdl!gbsnt/!Uif!upqphsbqiz! . joht!pg!uif!Cjh!Xppet*!boe!uif!nboz!mblft!qspwjefe!xbufs!bddftt/ Qfsibqt!nptu!jnqpsuboumz-!uifsf!xbt!b!hppe!usbotqpsubujpo!spvuf!up!b!nbkps!qpqvmbujpo!opef-!xifsf!Tbjou!Qbvmjuft! xfsf!fbhfs!gps!gsfti!qspevdf!boe!ebjsz/!Uif!uxp!sbjmspbet!qspwjefe!tpnf!usbotqpsubujpo!qpttjcjmjujft-!cvu!uif!wbtu! nbkpsjuz!pg!gbsn!hppet!xfsf!usbotqpsufe!cz!spbe!up!uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!nbslfut/!Uijt!tztufn!jt!opx!hfofsbmmz!sfgfssfe! up!bt!vscbo!gsjohf!gbsnt-!qspwjejoh!b!hsfbu!efbm!pg!uif!gppe!gps!ofbscz!djujft/! Uif!gbsnt!tvsspvoejoh!Tbjou!Qbvm-!fyqboejoh!joup!xibu!jt!opx!Nbqmfxppe-!xfsf!sfnbslbcmf!gps!uifjs!buusjcvuft/! Uipvhi!tnbmmfs!uibo!nptu!svsbm!gbsnt-!uifz!xfsf!gbs!npsf!wbmvbcmf-!bt!xfmm!bt!cpui!npsf!dvmujwbufe!boe!dbqjubm. j{fe/!Zjfmet!)gps!cpui!dspqt!boe!mjwftupdl*!xfsf!mbshfs!uibo!npsf!svsbm!dpvoufsqbsut-!boe!uifz!xfsf!hfofsbmmz!npsf! Bopuifs!ejggfsfodf!xbt!uif!vtf!pg!mbcps/!Xijmf!svsbm!gbsnt!efqfoefe!nbjomz!vqpo!gbnjmz!nfncfst!gps!uifjs!mbcps-! uif!vscbo!gsjohf!gbsnt!xfsf!npsf!mjlfmz!up!nblf!vtf!pg!ijsfe!ps!ebz!mbcps/!Tpnf!pg!uiftf!xpslfst!dbnf!jo!gspn! Tbjou!Qbvm-!xijmf!tpnf!xfsf!mpdbm-!bmmpxjoh!b!nfbtvsf!pg!kpc!dsfbujpo!fwfo!xifo!uif!mbshfs!joevtusjft!jo!upxo! tvdi!bt!uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt!ps!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Qmpx!Xpslt!xfsf!tusvhhmjoh/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!gbnjmz!sfnbjofe!bu!uif! dpsf!pg!uif!pqfsbujpo-!nfbojoh!uibu!uifz!ufoefe!up!sfubjo!uif!gbsntufbet!gps!nboz!zfbst/!Nboz!dvssfou!sftjefout! bsf!eftdfoefe!gspn!uiftf!qspnjofou!gbsn!gbnjmjft/ Bt!b!svmf-!uif!gbsnt!jnnfejbufmz!tvsspvoejoh!Tbjou!Qbvm!ufoefe!up!cf!xfbmuijfs!uibo!uifjs!svsbm!dpvoufsqbsut-!ft. qfdjbmmz!evf!up!uif!ofbscz!nbslfut!boe!uif!sfmjbcmf!jodpnf!tusfbn/!Uijt!jo!uvso!sftvmufe!jo!cfuufs.lfqu!gbsnt-!boe! mjlfmz!npsf!jowftunfou!jo!jogsbtusvduvsf/!Pof!ejtbqqpjounfou!jo!uif!dpnnvojuzt!mptt!pg!ijtupsjd!sftpvsdft!jt!uibu! opu!npsf!pg!uiftf!gbsntufbet!sfnbjo!joubdu<!ipxfwfs-!nboz!sfnobout!mjlfmz!tujmm!fyjtu/ Nbqmfxppe!jo!qbsujdvmbs!xbt!lopxo!gps!uif!usvdl!gbsnt!boe!uifjs!tqfdjbmj{fe!dspqt!tvdi!bt!btqbsbhvt-!dfmfsz-! dpvme!tfmm!uifjs!qspevdf!ejsfdumz-!xijmf!tujmm!cfjoh!bcmf!up!efwpuf!ujnf!up!gbsnjoh/!Uijt!hbwf!uifn!b!ujnf!boe!mpdb. ujpo!bewboubhf!uibu!bmmpxfe!uifn!up!dpnqfuf!xjui!mbshfs-!npsf!ejtubou-!gbsnt/ Uifsf!xfsf!tfwfsbm!ebjsjft-!pg!xijdi!Tdispfefs!xbt!uif!cjhhftu-!boe!tfwfsbm!gbnjmz!gbsnt!lfqu!fwfo!kvtu!b!gfx! ifbe!pg!dbuumf/!Uif!Qpps!Gbsn!xbt!xfmm!lopxo!gps!tfmmjoh!njml!boe!qspevdf!cfzpoe!xibu!uif!sftjefout!gbsnfe!gps! uifjs!ebjmz!offet/!Fwfo!uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Dpssfdujpobm!Gbdjmjuz!gbsnfe-!sbjtjoh!dbuumf!jo!uif!2:71t!boe!2:81t!boe! opx!iptujoh!b!usff!boe!qmbou!ovstfsz/ .!Uif!Mfep!gbsn!bu!3621!Dbswfs!Bwfovf!po!uif!tpvui!mfh-!xijdi!pqfsbufe!gps!212!zfbst!cfgpsf!tfmmjoh!pgg! uifjs!mjwftupdl!jo!2:86/!Uipvhi!uif!psjhjobm!ipvtf!jt!hpof-!tpnf!pvucvjmejoht!sfnbjo-!jodmvejoh!uif!Tvn. nfs!Ljudifo/ .!Uif!Bqqmfxppe!Qsftfswf-!b!gpsnfs!xpsljoh!psdibse-!opx!b!qbsl/ .!Nphsfot-!xijdi!ibe!b!gbsn!tuboe!bu!Xijuf!Cfbs!Bwfovf!boe!Dpvouz!Spbe!D-!qsfebujoh!uif!cvtjoftt!opef! efwfmpqnfou/ .!Uif!Ftqfstfo!Ebjsz!bu!35:3!Ijhixppe/!Uipvhi!nvdi!tnbmmfs!uibo!Tdispfefs!Gbsnt-!Ftqfstfo!bmtp!efmjw. fsfe!up!uif!bsfb!boe!up!uif!Fbtu!Tjef!pg!Tbjou!Qbvm/!Uif!ipvtf!boe!njml!ipvtf!sfnbjo/ Njhhmfs-!Ftqfstfo-!Tdimpnlb-!Qpmtlj-!boe!Ibkjdfl/!Gfx-!jg!boz-!sftpvsdft!bqqfbs!up!sfnbjo/ Uifsf!xbt!bmtp!b!uisjwjoh!hsffoipvtf!joevtusz-!bmtp!ubljoh!bewboubhf!pg!uif!qspyjnjuz!up!Tbjou!Qbvm/!Uiftf!jodmve. 22 .!Efhft!Hsffoipvtf!!cfhbo!jo!2:17!jo!epxoupxo!Tbjou!Qbvm!boe!npwfe!up!Nbqmfxppe!jo!uif!2:51t/! .!Hfsufot!!Uijt!mbshf!hsffoipvtf!ibe!jut!cfhjoojoht!bu!Ijhixbz!72!boe!47!jo!uif!fbsmz!2:11t-!xjui!uif! Hfsufo!gbnjmz!mjwjoh!po!Ebz!Spbe/!Uif!cvtjoftt!npwfe!up!Jowfs!Hspwf!Ifjhiut!cz!2:31/ .!Cfoefs!boe!Qfsljot!Hsffoipvtf-!opx!dmptfe/ .!\[juufmt!Ovstfsz!!bu!Sptfmbxo!boe!Sjdf-!opx!dmptfe/ Uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Qpps!Gbsn!jt!dpotjefsfe!mbufs!jo!uif!dpoufyut!voefs!Djwjd!Mjgf/ Csvfousvq!Gbsn Mjlfmz!uif!nptu!epdvnfoufe!gbsn!jo!Nbqmfxppe!jt!uif!Csvfousvq!gbsn/!Bmuipvhi!npwfe!gspn!jut!psjhjobm!tjuf! po!Xijuf!Cfbs!Bwfovf!)kvtu!fbtu!pg!xibu!jt!opx!Nbqmfxppe!Nbmm*!jo!uif!mbuf!2::1t-!uif!gbsn!!xjui!jut!tfwfsbm! qsftfswfe!cvjmejoht!boe!tuspoh!joufsqsfujwf!qsphsbnt!!hjwft!bo!fydfmmfou!tfotf!pg!Nbqmfxppe!gbsn!mjgf/ Uif!psjhjobm!gpsuz!bdsft!pg!gbsnmboe!xbt!ifs!gbnjmzt!xfeejoh!hjgu!up!Jeb!Xbhofs!xifo!tif!nbssjfe!Hfsnbo!fnj. hsbou!Xjmmjbn!Csvfousvq!jo!29:2/!Uif!zpvoh!dpvqmf!cvjmu!uif!cbso!jo!2:16!boe!fombshfe!uif!psjhjobm!ipvtf!jo!2:23-! dijdlfo!dppq-!csppefs!ipvtf-!xjoenjmm!boe!tnplfipvtf/!Vomjlf!nboz!puifs!bsfb!gbsnfst-!xip!ibe!tqfdjbmuz! dspqt-!uif!Csvfousvqt!ibe!b!npsf!usbejujpobm!gbsn!pqfsbujpo!jodmvejoh!dpso-!b!ebjsz-!ipht-!boe!dijdlfot/!Uif!gbsn! bmtp!hsfx!fyqpofoujbmmz-!up!286!bdsft!cz!Xpsme!Xbs!JJ/ Ipxfwfs-!cz!uif!2:71t-!uif!Csvfousvqt!cfhbo!tfmmjoh!pgg!tpnf!pg!uif!bdsfbhf!bt!uif!gbsn!cfdbnf!upp!nvdi!up! nbjoubjo!boe!mboe!qsjdft!boe!qspqfsuz!ubyft!jodsfbtfe/!Uipvhi!uifz!tpme!pgg!uif!mbtu!dbuumf!jo!uif!2:71t-!uifz! sbo!dspqt!joup!uif!fbsmz!2:91t-!boe!dvu!ibz!joup!2::7.2::8/!Jo!2::8-!b!efwfmpqfs!pggfsfe!bo!fydfmmfou!qsjdf!gps!uif! sfnbjojoh!tjy!bdsft-!cvu!uif!gbnjmz!tujmm!mjwjoh!po!uif!gbsn!lofx!uibu!efwfmpqnfou!xpvme!eftuspz!uif!gbsn!cvjme. joht/!Uifz!pggfsfe!uif!gbsn!sftpvsdft!up!uif!Djuz!pg!Nbqmfxppe-!xijdi!dpvme!opu!sbjtf!uif!gvoet-!boe!ju!mpplfe! mjlf!uif!tjuf!xpvme!cf!mptu/! Ju!xbt!uifo!uibu!uif!Nbqmfxppe!Bsfb!Ijtupsjdbm!Tpdjfuz!tufqqfe!jo!up!sbjtf!gvoet!gspn!mpdbm!djuj{fot!boe!cvtjoftt. uif!cvjmejoht!!uif!cbso-!uif!ipvtf-!uif!hsbobsz-!uif!nbdijof!tife-!boe!uif!nfubm!gpvoesz-!bt!xfmm!bt!nboz!gbsn! frvjqnfou!bsujgbdut/!Puifs!cvjmejoht-!tvdi!bt!uif!njml!ipvtf!boe!uif!dijdlfo!dppq-!dpvme!opu!cf!npwfe!cvu!xfsf! sf.dpotusvdufe!po!uif!ofx!tjuf-!mpdbufe!bcpvu!ibmg!b!njmf!opsuifbtu!pg!uif!psjhjobm!mpdbujpo/!Uif!djuz!qspwjefe!uif! tjuf!bt!qbsu!pg!jut!Pqfo!Tqbdf!mboe!qspkfdu-!ofyu!up!36!bdsft!pg!qsbjsjf!qsftfswf-!xjui!nboz!wpmvouffst!epobujoh! ujnf!boe!mbcps!po!uif!qspkfdu/ Tjodf!uifo-!uif!NBIT!ibt!diptfo!up!joufsqsfu!uif!qspqfsuz!gspn!uif!2:56.2:71!fsb/!Bt!xfmm!bt!ipvtjoh!uif!NBIT! bsdijwft-!uif!gbsn!ibt!qfsnbofou!boe!tqfdjbm!fyijcjut-!boe!nvmujqmf!tqfdjbm!fwfout!boovbmmz/!Uipvhi!uif!npwf! mjlfmz!nblft!uif!qspqfsuz!jofmjhjcmf!gps!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft-!ju!eje!sfdfjwf!b!Tqfdjbm!Opnjob. ujpo!jo!3111!gspn!uif!Qsftfswbujpo!Bmmjbodf!pg!Njooftpub/!Ju!jt!b!mpdbmmz!eftjhobufe!tjuf/ Tdispfefs!Ebjsz Tdispfefs!Ebjsz!jt!bopuifs!tupsz!pg!bo!jnnjhsbou!gbsnfs!cfmjfwjoh!jo!uif!gvuvsf!pg!uif!Nbqmfxppe!bsfb/!Hfsnbo! jnnjhsbou!Ifosz!Tdispfefs!dbnf!up!Njooftpub!jo!2986/!Tjodf!mfbwjoh!Hfsnboz!if!ibe!cffo!bmm!uif!xbz!bdsptt! uif!dpvousz!up!Tfbuumf-!xpslfe!gps!b!sbjmspbe!)cvu!pof!uibu!gbjmfe!up!qbz!ijn*-!boe!tfbsdife!gps!mboe!if!dpvme!bg. gpse/!Xifo!if!dbnf!up!Njooftpub-!if!xpslfe!b!gfx!qbsu.ujnf!kpct!boe!tbwfe!vq!up!cvz!tpnf!mboe!po!Sjdf!Tusffu-! tjhiu!votffo/!Xifo!if!dbnf!up!cfhjo!ijt!gpsuvof!jo!Nbqmfxppe-!if!sfbmj{fe!if!ibe!qvsdibtfe!b!txbnq/ Tdispfefs!dmfbsfe!uif!txbnq-!tfou!gps!ijt!zpvohfs!cspuifs!Ifsnbo-!cpvhiu!b!dpx-!boe!jo!2995-!uif!Tdispfefs! Ebjsz!xbt!gpvoefe/ Tdispfefs!tppo!sfbmj{fe!uif!qpufoujbm!jo!tvqqmzjoh!ebjsz!qspevdut!up!Tbjou!Qbvm/!If!cpvhiu!tvsqmvt!njml!gspn! ofbscz!gbsnfst-!uifo!usbotqpsufe!ju!jo!b!tqjhpu!usvdl!boe!tpme!ju!cz!uif!cvdlfugvm!jo!Tbjou!Qbvm/!Tppo-!uif!cspuifst! cpvhiu!npsf!mboe!kvtu!up!uif!opsui-!xijdi!bekpjofe!b!dpoevju!mfbejoh!gspn!Mblf!Wbeobjt!up!uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!Xbufs! Xpslt/!Jo!29:2-!Ifosz!nbssjfe!Boob!Nbz!Tdixbsu{-!xjui!xipn!if!ibe!3!cpzt!boe!6!hjsmt/!Tppo!bgufs-!Ifsnbo! mfgu!uif!cvtjoftt!boe!pqfofe!b!hspdfsz!jo!Tbjou!Qbvm-!bmtp!tfswjoh!bt!b!Tdispfefs!ejtusjcvups/ 23 Uif!ebjsz!fyqboefe!sbqjemz-!up!pwfs!31!cvjmejoht-!jodmvejoh!tfwfsbm!cbsot!gps!uif!ivoesfet!pg!dpxt-!uxp!tjmpt-!bo! jdfipvtf-!b!tnbmm!qpxfs!qmbou-!boe!b!cvolipvtf!gps!uif!xpslfst/!Tdispfefs!eje!opu!ftdifx!qsphsftt-!qvsdibt. joh!bvupnbujd!njmlfst!)uipvhi!uif!ifse!xbt!tp!mbshf!tpnf!tujmm!ibe!up!cf!njmlfe!cz!iboe*!boe!pqfo.xbhpo!njml! usvdlt!dijmmfe!cz!jdf!cmpdlt/!Uiftf!usvdlt!bmmpxfe!ijn!up!bmtp!tfswf!uif!ijmm!usbef-!bo!fyusb!tvnnfs!spvuf!up! csjoh!ebjsz!up!xfbmuiz!Tbjou!Qbvm!gbnjmjft!tvnnfsjoh!jo!Xijuf!Cfbs!Mblf!boe!Efmmxppe/ Uif!Tdispfefst!ibe!uifjs!tibsf!pg!usbhfez-!ipxfwfs/!Uifz!mptu!uifjs!27.zfbs.pme!ebvhiufs-!Nbsuib-!up!b!tlbujoh! bmm!tbwfe-!ipxfwfs-!boe!op!pof!xbt!jokvsfe/!Tdispfefs!sfcvjmu!po!36!bdsft!po!Cspbexbz!)opx!Dpvouz!Spbe!C*-! cvu!op!tppofs!ibe!if!dpotusvdufe!ofx!cbsot!boe!b!ipvtf!uibo!uifz!bmtp!cvsofe!up!uif!hspvoe!jo!2:33/!Po!uif! uijse!sfcvjmejoh-!uif!gbdjmjujft!xfsf!rvjuf!fyufotjwf-!jodmvejoh!b!mbshf!ipvtf-!b!V.tibqfe!dpx!cbso-!b!ipstf!cbso-!3! tjmpt-!b!njml!ipvtf-!bo!jdf!ipvtf-!boe!b!hbsbhf/!B!qbtufvsj{bujpo!qmbou!xbt!beefe!jo!2:38-!bt!Tdispfefs!cfhbo!up! bewfsujtf!Tbgf!gps!Cbcz!Njml!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!Qvsf!Njml!Npwfnfou/!Uijt!mbtufe!voujm!mjhiuojoh!tusvdl!uif!cpuumjoh! ipvtf!jo!2:4:/!Tdispefst!uifo!tupqqfe!efmjwfsz/!Gps!tpnf!ujnf-!uif!pqfsbujpo!sbo!wfsz!mfbo-!ftqfdjbmmz!bt!qbttfe! epxo!up!Xjmmjbn!Tdispfefs/!Xjmmjbn-!jo!uvso-!qbttfe!ju!up!ijt!dijmesfo-!xip!fyqboefe!up!b!ejtusjcvupstijq!boe!bmtp! tpme!tqfdjbmuz!ebjsz!qspevdut!boe!psbohf!kvjdf!boe!qfsgpsnfe!dpousbdu!qbdlbhjoh/!Uif!gbnjmz!tpme!uif!cvtjoftt!up! Gbsnipvtft Tfwfsbm!pg!Nbqmfxppet!Dfouvsz!Ipnft!bsf!gbsnipvtft-!opx!tvsspvoefe!cz!puifs!sftjefodft/!Jo!hfofsbm-! uiftf!ipnft!bsf!tjnqmf!xppe!ipvtft-!2/6.3!tupsjft/!Uif!eftjho!jt!wfsobdvmbs!ps!ipnftufbe/!Nptu!ibwf!qpsdift-! boe!bmnptu!bmm!pg!uifn!ibwf!cffo!beefe!po!up!bu!tpnf!qpjou-!xifuifs!uibu!jt!jodpsqpsbujoh!b!gpsnfs!tvnnfs! ljudifo-!beejoh!b!tfdpoe!tupsz-!beejoh!up!uif!cbdl!ps!tjef-!ps!beejoh!fyufsobm!tubjsdbtft/!Nboz!ibwf!efdpsbujwf! hbcmft!ps!epsnfst-!ftqfdjbmmz!uiptf!uibu!ibwf!beejujpot/!Uifsf!jt!tpnf!psobnfoubujpo-!hfofsbmmz!dbswfe!cbshf. cpbset!ps!xjoepx!efubjmjoh/ Bmuipvhi!uiftf!ipnft!ibwf!mptu!joufhsjuz!pg!qmbdf!evf!up!uif!mptt!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!gbsntufbet-!uifz!bsf!tujmm! jnqpsubou!jo!sfqsftfoujoh!Nbqmfxppet!fbsmz!gbsnjoh!)boe!sftjefoujbm*!ijtupsz/!Cfdbvtf!Nbqmfxppe!gbsnfst! ufoefe!up!cf!npsf!qsptqfspvt-!uifjs!ipvtft!bmtp!ufoefe!up!cf!tmjhiumz!ojdfs!uibo!uif!bwfsbhf!gbsnipvtf!)Uif!sfmp. dbufe!Csvfousvq!ipvtf!jt!b!hppe!fybnqmf!pg!uijt*/!Bsdijufduvsbm!ijtupsjbot!obujpoxjef!bsf!cfhjoojoh!up!sfbmj{f!uif! ui jnqpsubodf!pg!tbwjoh!wfsobdvmbs!ipvtft!uibu!efnpotusbuf!uif!uzqjdbm!mbuf!2:.dfouvsz!mjgftuzmf-!sbuifs!uibo!pomz! ijhi.tuzmf!ipnft/!Xjui!uif!tfwfsbm!ipvtft!Nbqmfxppe!ibt!mfgu-!uijt!jt!bo!jnqpsubou!sftpvsdf!up!lffq!jo!njoe/ Jo!tpnf!qspqfsujft!pvucvjmejoht!tujmm!fyjtu!fjuifs!bmpoh!xjui!ps!tfqbsbuf!gspn!uif!psjhjobm!ipnft/!Uiftf!jodmvef! cbsot-!dijdlfo!dppqt-!hbsbhft-!tvnnfs!ljudifot-!boe!puifs!tupsbhf!cvjmejoht!!bhbjo-!hfofsbmmz!tnbmmfs!cvjme. joht/ Ipxfwfs-!op!joubdu!gbsntufbet!sfnbjo!jo!Nbqmfxppe/! Qspqfsuz!Uzqft Gbsnt Gbsntufbet Gbsnipvtft Cbsot Tjmpt!boe!dpsodsjct !Tubcmft !Ebjsjft !Qvnq!ipvtft !Dijdlfo!dppqt !Tnplfipvtft !Sppu!dfmmbst 24 Ephipvtft Tifet!boe!puifs!pvucvjmejoht Xfmmt Gbsn!Mboetdbqf !Gjfmet !Njmmqpoet Bhsjdvmuvsbm!cvtjofttft !Gbsn!tuboet!boe!nbslfut !Gbsn!jnqmfnfout0gffe0tffe!tupsft Bhsjdvmuvsf!boe!Gbsnjoh!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot; nboz!gbsnt!sfnbjofe!jo!pqfsbujpo!voujm!sfmbujwfmz!sfdfoumz-!boe!bt!nboz!pg!uifn!xfsf!xfmm.lfqu-!uifsf!nbz!cf! tpnf!wbmvbcmf!ijeefo!sftpvsdft/!Uif!IQD!tipvme!xpsl!xjui!bsfb!qspqfsuz!pxofst!up!jefoujgz!boe!jowfoupsz! gbsn.sfmbufe!sftpvsdft!tujmm!jo!fyjtufodf-!boe!efwfmpq!b!qsphsbn!up!qsftfswf!boe!qspufdu!uiftf!sftpvsdft!fwfo!bt! uif!vtf!pg!uif!mboe!dibohft/ . ifotjwf!mjtujoh!pg!uiftf!ipvtft-!boe!xpsl!xjui!ipnfpxofst!up!qsftfswf!boe!qspufdu!uiftf!ipnft/ npwfe!gspn!jut!psjhjobm!tjuf-!nbjoubjot!fydfmmfou!sftpvsdft!jo!uif!ipvtf-!cbso-!hsbobsz-!gpvoesz-!boe!nbdijof! tife-!boe!jt!bo!fyusfnfmz!bddfttjcmf!boe!fevdbujpobm!sftpvsdf/ boe!qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!tjuf/ uijt!ijtupsz!)bmcfju!b!sfdpotusvdufe!pof*/!Ju!tipvme!cf!bxbsf!pg!tfotf!pg!qmbdf/ 25 Dpoufyu!4!!Usbotqpsubujpo;!Xbhpo!Xiffmt-!Jspo!Sbjmt-!boe!Bvupnpcjmft Ujnf!tqbo!!2967!up!dvssfou Jo!nboz!xbzt-!Nbqmfxppe!dpotjefst!jutfmg!b!sbjmspbe!upxo/!Xijmf!ju!jt!dfsubjomz!usvf!uibu!Hmbetupof!xpvme!mjlfmz! opu!ibwf!fyjtufe!xjuipvu!uif!kvodujpo!pg!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!boe!Evmvui!Sbjmspbe!boe!uif!Xjtdpotjo!Dfousbm!Sbjmspbe!)boe! uif!fotvjoh!Hmbetupof!Tipqt*-!uif!usvui!jt!uibu!Nbqmfxppe!pxft!jut!tvddftt!up!nvmujqmf!gpsnt!pg!usbotqpsubujpo/! Gspn!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!dbopfjoh!boe!usbjmt!bmpoh!uif!mblft-!up!uif!fbsmz!tubhfdpbdi!spvuft-!up!uif!nvdi!npsf!sfdfou! ofuxpsl!pg!ijhixbzt!uibu!tvsspvoe!uif!djuz-!Nbqmfxppe!jt!b!dpnnvojuz!jo!npujpo/ Usbotqpsubujpo!sftpvsdft-!ipxfwfs-!bsf!hfofsbmmz!fqifnfsbm/!!Bduvbm!usbotqpsubujpo!fmfnfout-!tvdi!bt!tubhfdpbdi. ft!ps!usbjo!dbst!boe!fohjoft!ep!opu!pgufo!tvswjwf/!Usbjo!usbdlt!bsf!bcboepofe-!sbjmt!bsf!sfnpwfe-!spbet!bsf!vqhsbe. fe-!boe!fwfo!qbuit!dibohf!pwfs!ujnf/!Tpnf!fyjtu!po!upq!pg!ps!bmpoh!puifs!sftpvsdft-!tvdi!bt!Ijhixbz!72!svoojoh! pwfs!fbsmz!Xppemboe!npvoet/!!Sfmbufe!sftpvsdft-!tvdi!bt!uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt-!bsf!opu!wbmvfe!boe!bsf!mptu/!! Uif!jttvf!xjui!Nbqmfxppet!sftpvsdft!mjft!jo!wbmvjoh!uif!jnqpsubodf!jo!uif!qbtu-!xijmf!sfdphoj{joh!mptu!fmfnfout! boe!qsftfswjoh!ejtqbsbuf!fyjtujoh!sftpvsdft-!nboz!pg!xijdi!nbz!ibwf!mptu!joufhsjuz!ps!nbz!cf!bmufsfe!gps!dvssfou! xbzt!up!joufsqsfu!xibu!ibt!cffo!mptu/ . xjef!dpoufyu!Sbjmspbet!boe!Bhsjdvmuvsbm!Efwfmpqnfou-!2981.2:51/ Obujwf!Qbuit!up!Tubhfdpbdi!Usbjmt Uif!2959!tvswfzpst!nbslfe!tfwfsbm!psjhjobm!spbet!boe!xbhpo!usbjmt-!nptu!pg!xijdi!gpsnfe!bmpoh!fbsmz!Obujwf! Bnfsjdbo!usbjmt/!Tujmmxbufs!Spbe-!xijdi!pqfofe!jo!Kvof!2957-!xbt!mjlfmz!uif!fbsmjftu!Ufssjupsjbm!Spbe!jo!uif!bsfb<! uipvhi!ju!jt!dmptf!up!uif!spvuf!pg!upebzt!Ijhixbz!6-!jut!fybdu!mpdbujpo!jt!volopxo/!Uif!spbe!xbt!nbslfe!jo!uif! 2959!tvswfz!xjui!nfuft!boe!cpvoet!up!mboenbslt!uibu!op!mpohfs!fyjtu-!tvdi!bt!bo!Pbl!usff!ofbs!uif!gppu!pg!uif! ijmm!po!uif!Tpvui!tjef!pg!b!Tqsjoh!csbodi/!Uijt!spbe!dpoofdufe!Tujmmxbufs!boe!Tbjou!Qbvm!uispvhi!xibu!jt!opx! Nbqmfxppe/ Uif!dvssfou!Ib{fmxppe!efwfmpqfe!bmpoh!bo!pme!Joejbo!qbui!boe!cfhjoojoh!bspvoe!2961!bopuifs!spbe!sbo!gspn! Tbjou!Qbvm!up!Mjuumf!Dbobeb!dmptf!up!upebzt!Fehfsupo!Tusffu/!Bgupo!Spbe!!xijdi!fwfouvbmmz!cfdbnf!Vqqfs!Bgupo! Spbe!boe!Mpxfs!Bgupo!Spbe!!mfe!gspn!Tbjou!Qbvm!up!Bgupo!cfhjoojoh!jo!2963-!tp!uibu!qfpqmf!njhiu!dsptt!uif! sjwfs!joup!Qsbjsjf!ev!Dijfo-!Xjtdpotjo!wjb!uif!sfmbujwfmz!tibmmpx!tboecbs!xbufst!uifsf/ Uif!Lfuumf!Sjwfs!Spbe!xbt!qmbuufe!jo!2966-!cz!ejsfdujpo!pg!uif!Ufssjupsjbm!Mfhjtmbuvsf!up!dsfbuf!b!npsf!ejsfdu!spvuf! gspn!Mjuumf!Dbobeb!up!Tbjou!Qbvm-!joufstfdujoh!xjui!uif!Njmjubsz!Spbe/!Uijt!upp!jt!cfmjfwfe!up!gpmmpx!bo!fbsmz! Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!qbui/!Tusbohfmz!fopvhi-!cfdbvtf!uif!spbe!dpoofdufe!up!uif!Njmjubsz!Spbe!fbsmjfs!uibo!psjhjobmmz! boujdjqbufe-!uif!Lfuumf!Sjwfs!Spbe!ofwfs!eje!bduvbmmz!dpoujovf!bmm!uif!xbz!up!uif!Lfuumf!Sjwfs/!Qfsibqt!qbsujbmmz! cfdbvtf!pg!uibu-!ju!cfdbnf!uif!Xijuf!Cfbs!boe!Mjuumf!Dbobeb!Spbe/!Jut!spvuf!jodmvefe!upebzt!Csbjofse!Bwfovf-! Fehfsupo!Tusffu-!boe!NdNfofnz!Spbe/ uispvhi!uif!tpvui!mfh-!boe!tfwfsbm!spbet!mfe!up!Xijuf!Cfbs/!Uif!Mblf!Qibmfo!Spbe!pqfofe!jo!2969-!svoojoh!gspn! epxoupxo!Tbjou!Qbvm!up!uif!fbtu!tjef!pg!Mblf!Qibmfo-!boe!uifo!evf!opsui!bmpoh!Fohmjti!Tusffu/!Op!tfdujpot!)fydfqu! Fohmjti!Tusffu*!sfnbjo!upebz/ Tppo-!tubhfdpbdi!spvuft!sbo!bmpoh!uif!spbet-!dibohjoh!uifn!tpnfxibu/!Cz!295:-!uif!dpbdi!sbo!gspn!Tbjou!Qbvm!up! Tujmmxbufs!up!Ivetpo!boe!cfzpoe-!po!b!xjefs!spbe!uibu!czqbttfe!Bgupo!Spbe/!Uif!psjhjobm!spbe-!ipxfwfs-!xbt! Bmtp-!cfdbvtf!pg!jut!mpdbujpo!kvtu!pvutjef!uif!djuz!pg!Tbjou!Qbvm-!jo!2967!uif!Nbqmfxppe!bsfb!cfdbnf!bo!fbsmz!tupq! gps!bo!jnqpsubou!tubhfdpbdi!spvuf!uibu!sbo!gspn!Tbjou!Qbvm!up!Evmvui-!qbsujbmmz!bmpoh!xibu!jt!opx!Fehfsupo!Tusffu/! Uif!ejtubodf!cfuxffo!uif!djujft!xbt!267!njmft-!boe!uif!47.ipvs!kpvsofz!dptu!%21!fbdi!xbz!xjui!uxjdf.ebjmz!efqbs. uvsft/ 26 Uif!Dpnjoh!pg!uif!Sbjmspbe Uif!tubhfdpbdi!mjoft!mptu!qspnjofodf!boe!xfsf!ejtdpoujovfe!bmnptu!jnnfejbufmz!vqpo!uif!dpnqmfujpo!pg!uif! Tbjou!Qbvm!up!Evmvui!sbjmspbe!mjof!)uif!Mblf!Tvqfsjps!boe!Njttjttjqqj!Sbjmspbe*!jo!2981/!Uif!sbjmspbe!tupq!xbt!bu! Mblf!Qibmfo!Kvodujpo!boe!uif!mjof!sbo!epxo!uif!dpssjeps!opx!lopxo!bt!uif!Wfoup!Usbjm/ Tppo!bgufs-!jo!2988-!uif!Mblf!Tvqfsjps!boe!Njttjttjqqj!Sbjmspbe!sf.pshboj{fe!bt!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!boe!Evmvui!Sbjmspbe/! Tipqt!jo!2:28/!Qbttfohfs!tfswjdf!dpoujovfe-!nbjomz!bt!b!mjnjufe!dpnnvufs!mjof-!voujm!uif!2:61t!)uif!mbtu!efqpu! xbt!upso!epxo!jo!2:78*/!Upebz-!uifsf!jt!tujmm!dpnnfsdjbm!tfswjdf!)uif!Njooftpub!Dpnnfsdjbm*!gspn!Nbqmfxppe! Evmvui-!cvu!opu!uispvhi!Nbqmfxppe/! Ipxfwfs-!uif!bsfb!eje!opu!cfdpnf!b!dpnnvojuz!pg!opuf!voujm!b!tfdpoe!mjof!xbt!beefe-!uif!Xjtdpotjo!Dfousbm! Sbjmspbe-!xjui!b!mjof!gspn!Tbjou!Qbvm!up!Xjtdpotjo/!Uif!sbjmspbe!ibe!cffo!tubsufe!cz!bo!bdu!pg!uif!Xjtdpotjo! mfhjtmbuvsf!jo!2982-!boe!xbt!Xjtdpotjot!pomz!mboe.hsbou!sbjmspbe/!Ju!fyqboefe!up!Tbjou!Qbvm!tubsujoh!jo!2995-!xjui! b!gvmm!mjof!boe!tupqt!tfu!cz!2997!!qfsgfdu!ujnjoh!gps!ju!up!fyufoe!joup!Xjmmjbn!boe!Nbsz!Ebxtpot!ofxmz!qmbuufe! dpnnvojuz!pg!Hmbetupof/ Mjlf!uifjs!dpvoufsqbsut-!Hmbetupoft!sbjmspbe!mjoft!nfshfe-!dpousbdufe-!xfsf!sfobnfe-!boe!fwfouvbmmz!dmptfe!bt! foujsfmz!nfshfe!jo!2:72!joup!uif!Tpp!Mjof/! jo!2997-!kvtu!opsui!pg!Gsptu!Bwfovf!up!uif!fbtu!pg!uif!usbdlt/!Uif!tfdpoe-!gps!uif!Xjtdpotjo!Dfousbm!Mjof-!xbt!ofbs! b!mpdbujpo!bu!uif!kvodujpo!pg!uif!uxp!sbjmspbet!boe!vtjoh!uif!tfdpoe!pof!gps!tupsbhf/!Bt!uif!dpncjofe!efqpu!tbx! xbt!efnpmjtife!jo!2:78/ Jo!2:21!uif!sbjmspbet!dibohfe!uif!obnf!pg!uif!efqput!)boe!uivt!uif!upxo*!up!Hmptufs-!qsftvnbcmz!up!bwpje! dpogvtjpo!xjui!uif!Hmbetupof-!Njdijhbo!tupq/!Uif!ofx!obnf!eje!opu!dbudi!po-!xjui!sftjefout!tujmm!dbmmjoh!uif!bsfb! Hmbetupof/! Hmbetupof!Tipqt . mbufe!sftpvsdf!gps!uif!Nbqmfxppe!bsfb/!Bmuipvhi!fwfsz!upxo!uibu!ibe!b!sbjmspbe!tupq!ibe!b!efqpu!)ps!uxp*-!gfx! nbq-!bt!xfmm!bt!qspwjejoh!fnqmpznfou!gps!pwfs!211!qfpqmf/! Xjmmjbn!Ebxtpo-!boujdjqbujoh!uibu!uif!sbjmspbe!xpvme!cf!dsvdjbm!up!uif!tvddftt!pg!ijt!ofx!upxo-!fyufotjwfmz! mpccjfe!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!boe!Evmvui!Mjof!up!ftubcmjti!uifjs!tipqt!uifsf/!Xijmf!if!tpme!uif!mjof!po!jut!qspyjnjuz!up!Tbjou! gspn!Tbjou!Qbvm/ Ofwfsuifmftt-!uif!tipqt!xfsf!pqujnjtujdbmmz!dpotusvdufe!jo!2998!ofbs!uif!mpdbujpo!pg!uif!joufstfdujpo!pg!uif!Tu/! Qbvm!boe!Evmvui!Sbjmspbe!boe!uif!Xjtdpotjo!Dfousbm!mjoft!)dmptf!up!xibu!jt!opx!Gsptu!boe!Fohmjti*/!Uif!dptu!xbt! mpdpnpujwft .!!b!spvoeipvtf-!xjui!b!36.fohjof!dbqbdjuz .!!:!sfqbjs!usbdlt-!qmvt!usbdlt!dpoofdujoh!uif!cvjmejoht 27 .!!b!211.gppu!csjdl!tnplftubdl .!b!751.gppu!effq!xfmm sfqbjs!xbt!nbjomz!npwfe!up!uif!Dpnp!Tipqt/!Cz!2:26-!nptu!pg!uif!sbjm!ibe!cffo!sfnpwfe!boe!uif!tipqt!tuppe! . qboz-!voujm!uifz!xfsf!sfnpwfe!cz!dpousbdu!cz!uibu!dpnqboz!jo!2:8:/! Bu!uibu!qpjou-!uif!mboe!sfwfsufe!up!Cvsmjohupo!Opsuifso/!Uif!Djuz!pg!Nbqmfxppe!qvsdibtfe!uif!mboe-!sfobnjoh!ju! Hmbetupof!Tbwboob!jo!2::5!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!Pqfo!Tqbdf!qspkfdu/!Cz!uibu!qpjou-!boz!sfnobout!pg!uif!Tipqt!uibu!ibe! tvswjwfe!uif!2:8:!xipmftbmf!efnpmjujpo!xfsf!mpoh!hpof!ps!cvsjfe/! Jo!3123-!uif!djuz!dpoevdufe!bo!bsdifpmphjdbm!tvswfz!pg!uif!tjuf/!Uif!tvswfz!tipxfe!tpnf!csjdl!boe!nfubm-!gpvoeb. ujpot-!sbjm!ujft-!bsujgbdut-!boe!tvsgbdf!efqsfttjpot/!Uif!tibqf!pg!uif!spvoeipvtf!gpvoebujpo!xbt!ftqfdjbmmz!fwpd. bujwf/!Uif!bsdifpmphjdbm!sfnbjot!ibwf!cffo!sf.dpwfsfe!xjui!2.4!gffu!pg!dmfbo!tpjm!up!qsftfswf!uifn!boe!up!sfevdf! boz!hspvoe!tpjm!dpoubnjobujpo!gfbst/!Uif!mboe!ibt!jt!cfjoh!sftupsfe!up!jut!psjhjobm!wfhfubujpo!pg!pbl!tbwboob!boe! qsbjsjf!hsbttft-!xjui!tpnf!usbjmt!boe!joufsqsfubujpo/ Sbjmspbe!Wftujhft Uif!tfotf!pg!uif!sbjmspbe!epft!sfnbjo!jo!Nbqmfxppe!jo!uif!usbjmt!uibu!svo!bmpoh!uif!pme!sbjm!mjoft!)Wfoup!Usbjm!boe! uif!Hbufxbz!Usbjm*-!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!sbjmspbe!csjehft/ Uif!Wfoup!Usbjm!qbttft!cz!Mblf!Qibmfo-!boe!dpoofdut!Xijuf!Cfbs!Mblf!xjui!uif!Csvdf!Wfoup!Obuvsf!Tboduvbsz!po! uif!Fbtu!Tjef!pg!Tbjou!Qbvm!!bmpoh!uif!pme!Tlbmmz!mjof/!Uif!Hbufxbz!Usbjm!jt!qbsu!pg!uif!Xjmmbse!Nvohfs!Usbjm! Tztufn/!Cpui!svo!bmpoh!bcboepofe!sbjm!mjoft-!uipvhi!mjuumf!pg!uif!mjoft!bsf!mfgu!cftjeft!uif!tfotf!pg!qmbdf!qspwjefe! cz!uif!xjef!usbjmt/ .!Uif!Tpp!Mjof!csjehf!)djsdb!2:19.1:*!pwfs!Lfmmfs!Dsffl-!sfqmbdjoh!bo!fbsmjfs!2999!csjehf/!Evsjoh!sfcvjmejoh-! epvcmf!bsdift!xfsf!beefe!bu!uif!sfrvftu!pg!uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qbslt-!up!qspwjef!dmfbsbodf!gps! xbufsdsbgu/ .! Uif!pme!Tpp!Mjof!xfmm-!evh!kvtu!xftu!pg!Fohmjti!tusffu!up!tfswf!uif!tufbn!fohjoft-!jt!bmtp!tujmm!qsftfou/!Ju!ibt!cffo! . Gjobmmz-!uif!pme!Tpp!Mjof!Tfdujpo!Ipvtf!)cvjmu!2:26*-!podf!mpdbufe!po!Dmbsfodf!Bwfovf-!xbt!mjlfmz!npwfe!jo!uif! nje.ojofuffo.ivoesfet!)ebuf!vodfsubjo*!up!jut!dvssfou!mpdbujpo!bu!2578!Gsptu!Bwfovf!)bu!Cbsdmbz*/!Uif!Tfdujpo! Ipvtf!qspwjefe!bddpnnpebujpot!gps!uif!gpsfnbo!boe!ijt!gbnjmz-!bt!xfmm!bt!tfswjoh!bt!b!cpbsejohipvtf!gps!tjohmf! nbmf!sbjmspbe!dsfxnfncfst/!Uijt!tusvduvsf!xbt!ejtujodujwf!gps!jut!uxp!dijnofzt-!xijdi!ju!tujmm!sfubjot!jo!jut!dvssfou! sftjefoujbm!vtf/!Uif!Tfdujpo!Ipvtf!nbz!cf!pof!pg!uif!nptu!jnqpsubou!sfnobout!pg!uif!gpsnfs!sbjmspbe!hmpsz/ B!Ofx!Gspoujfs!!Bvupnpcjmft Uif!spbexbzt!gspn!Nbqmfxppe!up!Tbjou!Qbvm-!tvdi!bt!Sjdf!Tusffu-!ibe!bmxbzt!cffo!xfmm.usbwfmmfe!cz!usvdl! bvupnpcjmft!cfdbnf!npsf!jnqpsubou-!uif!Nbqmfxppe!bsfbt!qspyjnjuz!up!Tbjou!Qbvm!fotvsfe!ofx!spbexbzt/! Ijhixbz!47!dbnf!bmpoh!jo!2:66/!Uijt!dpouspwfstjbm!spbexbz!ibe!psjhjobmmz!cffo!qspqptfe!jo!2:3:-!jo!sfmbujpo!up! uif!ofx!Tujmmxbufs.Njoofbqpmjt!Dvupgg/!Uif!spvuf-!qspqptfe!up!gpmmpx!uif!Tpp!Mjof!sjhiu.pg.xbz-!fohfoefsfe!dpo. uspwfstz!jo!uif!Nbqmfxppe!boe!Opsui!Tbjou!Qbvm!bsfbt/!Gjobmmz!jo!2:59!uif!tubuf!bdrvjsfe!tpnf!pg!uif!Opsui!Ijhi! 28 boe!ju!xbt!fyqboefe!up!gpvs!mboft!jo!2:6:.2:71/!Uif!spvuf!sfnbjot!usvf!up!uif!qmbot-!cvu!op!psjhjobm!tfdujpot!pg!uif! ijhixbz!bqqfbs!up!sfnbjo/! Qfsibqt!uif!tubuft!nptu!mfhfoebsz!ijhixbz!)uibolt!up!Cpc!Ezmbo!boe!bmtp!uif!cmvft!gps!jut!tpvuifso!tusfudi*!! Ijhixbz!72!!svot!tusbjhiu!uispvhi!Nbqmfxppe/!Uif!ijhixbz!xbt!cvjmu!bmpoh!xibu!ibe!cffo!uif!Tu/!Qbvm-! Xijuf!Cfbs-!boe!Cbme!Fbhmf!Spbe-!bt!qmbuufe!jo!2981/!Jut!obnf!xbt!uifo!dibohfe!up!uif!qmfbtbou!Njttjttjqqj! Wbmmfz!Ijhixbz!voujm!2:31/!Jo!2:32!ju!xbt!sf.bmjhofe-!qbwfe-!boe!dbmmfe!Dpotujuvujpobm!Spvuf!20Usvol!Spvuf!20 ui 2:63!csjehf-!kvtu!fbtu!pg!Sptfmbxo!bu!Bsdbef-!uibu!tjut!fybdumz!bu!uif!56!qbsbmmfm!)uipvhi!nboz!pg!uif!puifs!psjhjobm! csjehft!xfsf!efnpmjtife!jo!uif!spbe!tusbjhiufojoh!boe!xjefojoh!evsjoh!2:63.64*/!Uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!Ijhixbz! 72!eftuspzfe!tpnf!fbsmz!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!sftpvsdft!)tff!Dpoufyu!2*-!cvu!uif!ijhixbz!ibt!jut!pxo!ijtupsz-!boe! tpnf!tnbmm!psjhjobm!tfdujpot!tujmm!sfnbjo/ Uif!nbkps!Joufstubuf!Ijhixbzt!:5!boe!7:5!spvuft!pqfofe!jo!uif!fbsmz!2:81t-!gpmmpxjoh!Qsftjefou!Fjtfoipxfst! Gfefsbm!Bje.Ijhixbz!Bdu!pg!2:67/ Op!fbsmz!tfswjdf!tubujpot!boe!gfx!puifs!ijhixbz.sfmbufe!sftpvsdft!sfnbjo/!Pof!sfnbjojoh!hbsbhf!jt!uif!Dbswfs! Hfofsbm!Sfqbjs!Hbsbhf!)2:74*-!bu!3841!Ijhixppe!Bwfovf/!Uijt!jt!sjhiu!ofyu!up!xifsf!uif!Dbswfs!Mblf!Tdippm!xbt! psjhjobmmz!mpdbufe/!Mjlfmz!uif!nptu!jnqpsubou!mptu!sftpvsdf!jo!uif!bsfb!xbt!Nphsfot!Hbt!Tubujpo!bu!Xijuf!Cfbs! bje!tubujpot!jo!2:47/!Tjodf!Nbqmfxppe!ibe!op!iptqjubmt-!uif!tubujpo!dpvme!qspwjef!fnfshfodz!usfbunfou!cfgpsf! usbotgfssjoh!uif!qbujfou!up!b!iptqjubm!)uif!ofbsftu!pg!xijdi!xbt!Sbntfz-!opx!Sfhjpot*/! Qspqfsuz!Uzqft !Cpbu!dspttjoht!boe!mboejoht Sbjmspbe Usbdlt!boe!sjhiu.pg.xbzt !Efqput !Csjehft!boe!dspttjoht !Sfqbjs!tipqt !Spvoeipvtft!boe!tfdujpo!ipvtft !Sbjmspbe!dbst!boe!fohjoft !Ufmfhsbqi!tubujpot !Xbsfipvtft! !Tvqqpsu!cvjmejoht!)sfqbjs!gbdjmjujft-!tupsbhf!tifet-!fud/* !Sppnjoh!ipvtft<!sbjmspbe!ipvtjoh !Ejtusjcvujpo!gbdjmjujft Spbet !Dvssfou!spbet !Sfnobout!pg!fbsmz!spbet!boe!usbjmt !Tubhf!tupqt !Usvdl!tupqt!boe!gbdjmjujft !Hbt!tubujpot!boe!dpngpsu!tubujpot !Bvupnpcjmf!sfqbjs!tipqt Usbotqpsubujpo!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot jttvf/!!Uiptf!uibu!ep-!ps!uibu!bsf!ejtdpwfsfe-!tipvme!cf!tvswfzfe!boe!dbubmphfe-!xjui!qbsujdvmbs!buufoujpo!qbje!up! uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!uijt!dpoufyu/ 29 cfofbui!uif!djuz.pxofe!Hmbetupof!Tbwboob-!boe!bsf!hfofsbmmz!qspufdufe!cz!cfjoh!cvsjfe/!Uif!Djuz!tipvme!fotvsf! uifjs!qspufdujpo!boe!joufsqsfubujpo/!Boz!sfvtf!pg!uif!bsfb!tipvme!cf!dbsfgvmmz!dpotjefsfe/ . bujpobm!vtf/!Uiftf!usbjmt!bsf!mjhiumz!joufsqsfufe!bmsfbez-!boe!uifsf!jt!sppn!gps!npsf!ijtupsjd!joufsqsfubujpo!bmpoh! uifn/! . tfttft/ 2: Dpoufyu!5!!Dvmuvsbm!Mjgf;!Sfmjhjpo-!Tpdjbm!Bdujwjujft-!Upvsjtn-!boe!Sfdsfbujpo Ujnf!tqbo!!2971t!up!2:81t dpnnvojuz/!Ofjhicpsippet!boe!dpnnvojuz!dpoofdujpot!xfsf!ftubcmjtife!bspvoe!dvmuvsbm!jefoujujft!boe! fuiojdjujft-!divsdift-!ps!tpdjbm!pshboj{bujpot/!Jo!uif!npsf!tqsbxmjoh!djujft!pg!Njoofbqpmjt!boe!Tbjou!Qbvm-!tjnjmbs! jttvft!xfsf!bu!qmbz!bmcfju!po!b!mbshfs!tdbmf/!Ipxfwfs-!evf!up!Nbqmfxppet!vovtvbm!tibqf!boe!efwfmpqnfou! Bu!uif!tbnf!ujnf-!uijt!nblft!uiftf!dpotjefsbujpot!op!mftt!jnqpsubou/!Uif!joufsdpoofdufeoftt!pg!uif!tpdjfuz!jt! efnpotusbufe!tpnfxibu!jo!uif!xbzt!uibu!uijt!dpoufyu!pwfsmbqt!xjui!puifst/!!Jo!b!upxo!xifsf!bmm!cvtjoftt!jt!mpdbm-! tpdjbm!boe!dvmuvsbm!dpoofdujpot!ibwf!b!tuspoh!mjol!up!dpnnfsdf!boe!joevtusz/! Nbqmfxppe!eje-!ipxfwfs-!ibwf!b!ovncfs!pg!mfjtvsf!ujnf!bdujwjujft!!uipvhi!bhbjo-!uijt!jt!bo!bsfb!xifsf!opu!b!mpu! pg!qiztjdbm!sftpvsdft!sfnbjo/!Gps!fybnqmf-!uif!bsfb!xbt!ftqfdjbmmz!lopxo!gps!jut!tpdjbm!dmvct!)xijdi!bmnptu!tfswfe! bt!b!qsfdvstps!up!dpnnvojuz!hpwfsonfou*-!cvu!tjodf!uiftf!hspvqt!nfu!jo!qfpqmft!ipnft-!uifsf!bsf!gfx!sfmbufe! sftpvsdft!tvdi!bt!b!nffujoh!ibmm!ps!bvejupsjvn!)uif!Hmbetupof!Dpnnvojuz!Dmvc-!xijdi!nfu!jo!uif!Hmbetupof! Tdippm-!jt!uif!pof!fydfqujpo!boe!beesfttfe!jo!Dpoufyu!6*/ Tfwfsbm!divsdift!boe!ftqfdjbmmz!dfnfufsjft!bsf!opubcmf-!ipxfwfs-!boe!bsf!jodmvefe!jo!uijt!tfdujpo/!Nbqmfxppe! Qvcmjd!mboe-!boe!tqpsut!boe!sfdsfbujpo-!bsf!puifs!jnqpsubou!tvc.dpoufyut/ Divsdift!boe!Sfmjhjpo Vomjlf!nboz!puifs!dpnnvojujft-!fbsmz!Nbqmfxppe!sftjefout!eje!opu!qsjpsjuj{f!b!mpdbm!divsdi-!bqqbsfoumz! qsfgfssjoh!up!buufoe!uifjs!qsfwjpvt!dpohsfhbujpot!jo!puifs!dpnnvojujft/!Tfwfsbm!pg!uif!divsdift!ebuf!gspn!uif! .!!Uif!Gjstu!Fwbohfmjdbm!Gsff!Divsdi!po!Ib{fmxppe/!Uijt!jt!pof!pg!Nbqmfxppet!pmeftu!dpohsfhbujpot-!uipvhi! jut!dvssfou!tboduvbsz!jt!npefso/!Ju!xbt!ftubcmjtife!jo!299:!bt!uif!Txfejti!Fwbohfmjdbm!Gsff!Divsdi!boe!nfu!jo! qfpqmft!ipnft/!Cz!2:47-!divsdi!tfswjdft!xfsf!dpoevdufe!jo!uif!Fohmjti!mbohvbhf!boe!ju!cfdbnf!lopxo!bt!Gjstu! Fwbohfmjdbm!Gsff!Divsdi/! .!!Tu/!Kfspnft!Dbuipmjd!Divsdi!!po!Sptfmbxo-!ofbs!NdNfofnz/!Uif!divsdi!xbt!gpvoefe!jo!2:51-!boe!uif! cvjmejoh!efejdbufe!jo!2:63/!Uif!dbnqvt!jodmveft!b!divsdi!boe!L.9!tdippm-!bt!xfmm!bt!b!iboetpnf!qbstpobhf/ nffujoh!bu!Hmbetupof!Tdippm/!Uif!qsfwjpvt!divsdi!gbdjmjuz-!Lfooz!Ibmm-!xbt!dpotusvdufe!jo!2:58-!boe!xbt!sfqmbdfe! cz!uif!dvssfou!cvjmejoh!jo!2:77/!!Tpnf!wftujhft!pg!uif!fbsmjfs!fsb!tujmm!sfnbjo-!jodmvejoh!uif!Hbsefo!pg!Nbsz! )2:59*/!!Uif!dpnqmfy!jodmveft!b!divsdi-!qsftdippm-!boe!L.9!gbdjmjuz/ .!!Dsptt!Mvuifsbo!Divsdi!!Dsptt!Mvuifsbo!xbt!ftubcmjtife!jo!2:39.3:-!uipvhi!qsfebufe!cz!uif!Hmbetupof!Njttjpo! Fggpsu/!Uif!dibqfm!xbt!ftubcmjtife!bu!Qsptqfsjuz!boe!Gsptu-!boe!hsfx!up!jodmvef!b!L.9!tdippm-!qbstpobhf-!boe! ufbdifsbhf/!Uif!psjhjobm!dibqfm!xbt!sfqmbdfe!jo!2:69!xjui!uif!dvssfou!tusvduvsf-!boe!uif!tdippm!dmptfe!jo!uif!mbuf! 2:71t/ Tbjou!Qbvmt!Npobtufsz!)Qsjpsz*!jt!jo!uif!gbs!fbtufso!dpsofs!pg!Nbqmfxppe-!ofbs!uif!Qsjpsz!Qsftfswf/!Ju!jt!b! dpnnvojuz!pg!Cfofejdujof!tjtufst-!xiptf!qsfefdfttpst!dbnf!up!uif!Vojufe!Tubuft!gspn!Hfsnboz!jo!2963/!Uif! Tdippm-!uif!tjtufst!sfmpdbufe!up!b!Mbsqfoufvs!Bwfovf!tjuf!jo!2:76/!Uibu!tjuf!xbt!dmptfe!jo!311:!jo!gbwps!pg!uif! dvssfou!Cfofu!Spbe!gbdjmjuz/ Uif!sfmbufe!Ijmm.Nvssbz!Ijhi!Tdippm!xbt!gpsnfe!jo!2:82!xifo!Bsdicjtipq!Nvssbz!nfshfe!xjui!Ijmm!Ijhi! Tdippm-!b!tdippm!gps!cpzt!gpvoefe!cz!uif!Disjtujbo!Cspuifst/!Uif!tdippm!xbt!psjhjobmmz!gpvoefe!up!qspwjef! Dbuipmjd!fevdbujpo!up!tuvefout!mjwjoh!po!uif!fbtu!tjef!pg!Tu/!Qbvm!boe!joofs.sjoh!tvcvsct/!Ju!fyqboefe!jo!2:9:!xifo! ju!beefe!b!njeemf!tdippm!boe!dibohfe!uif!obnf!up!Ijmm.Nvssbz!Tdippm/ 31 Pof!pg!uif!nptu!qspnjofou!jt!Gpsftu!Mbxo!Dfnfufsz!po!Fehfsupo-!xijdi!ibt!uif!pmeftu!dpnnvojuz!nbvtpmfvn! )gps!dsfnbupsz!sfnbjot*!jo!uif!tubuf!!jo!gbdu-!uif!pmeftu!xftu!pg!Njmxbvlff/!Gpsftu!Mbxo!xbt!ftubcmjtife!jo!29:4! bt!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Dfnfufsz/!Uif!Cfbvy!Bsut!tuzmf!nbvtpmfvn!ebuft!gspn!2:28/!Ju!ibt!761!ojdift!boe!2-511!dszqut-!boe! ibt!pgufo!cffo!djufe!bt!b!qpufoujbm!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!tjuf/ boe!Tzmwbo!)opx!Kbdltpo*!jo!Tbjou!Qbvm-!ofbs!Pblmboe!Dfnfufsz/!Uif!Qbzof!boe!Mbsqfoufvs!tjuf!xbt!ftubcmjtife! jo!299:-!xjui!uif!cpejft!fyivnfe!boe!npwfe!gspn!uif!psjhjobm!mpdbujpo/!Dfnfufsz!sfdpset!bsf!lfqu!bu!Npvou! jt!beesfttfe!jo!Dpoufyu!6/ Tpdjbm!Pshboj{bujpot!boe!Dmvct Jo!beejujpo-!uif!Hbsefojb!ofjhicpsippe!gpsnfe!bmpoh!Ijhixbzt!72!boe!47!up!Cfbn-!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!xfmm. usbwfmmfe!obuvsf!pg!Ijhixbz!72/!Tjnjmbsmz-!uif!cvtz!Dbswfs!Spbe!cfdbnf!b!tvc.tfdujpo!pg!uif!tpvui!mfh/! Ijhixppe0Qpjou!Epvhmbt!xbt!bopuifs!tnbmm!dpnnvojuz-!xjui!b!efqpu!boe!tpnf!dpnnfsdjbm!bdujwjuz/!Uif! Njewbmf!ofjhicpsippe-!sjhiu!po!uif!fehf!xjui!Pblebmf-!dpbmftdfe!bspvoe!uif!tipqqjoh!dfoufs-!boe!fwfouvbmmz! iptufe!uif!4N!tjuf/!Uijt!ofjhicpsippe!bmnptu!tfdfefe!jo!2:58-!ufo!zfbst!cfgpsf!Nbqmfxppe!jodpsqpsbufe/!Ibe!ju! epof!tp-!uif!ijtupsz!pg!uif!bsfb!xpvme!cf!wfsz!ejggfsfou-!bt!4N!mjlfmz!xpvme!opu!ibwf!diptfo!uif!tjuf!jg!ju!ibe!cffo! jodpsqpsbufe!bt!jut!pxo!tnbmmfs!dpnnvojuz/ Uiftf!ofjhicpsippet!bsf!jnqpsubou!cfdbvtf!uifz!mfe!up!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!tfwfsbm!djwjd0tpdjbm!dmvct!uibu!qsfebuf!jut! Fehfsupo-!Hmbetupof-!boe!Fbtu!Dpvouz!Mjof/!Uifz!)joejwjevbmmz!boe!bmm!uphfuifs*!uppl!dbsf!pg!djuz!nbuufst!mjlf!tupq! 32 tjhot!boe!dpnnvojuz!qpmjdjoh-!tfou!ofxtmfuufst-!hbsefofe-!boe!ifme!qbsujft!dbmmfe!Hbzfujft/!Ipxfwfs-!tjodf! uiftf!dmvct!nfu!jo!qfpqmft!ipnft-!bmnptu!op!qiztjdbm!sftpvsdft-!tvdi!bt!nffujoh!ibmmt-!sfnbjo!)uif!Hmbetupof! Dpnnvojuz!Dfoufs-!beesfttfe!jo!Dpoufyu!6-!uif!pomz!fydfqujpo*/!Uif!NBIT!epft!ibwf!njovuft-!qipupt-!fwfou! qsphsbnt-!boe!puifs!nfnpsbcjmjb/ Bt!xfmm!bt!uif!dmvct-!uifsf!xfsf!b!ovncfs!pg!dpnnvojuz!fwfout-!jodmvejoh!b!Gpvsui!pg!Kvmz!dfmfcsbujpo-!boe!uif! npsf!jo!Dpoufyu!6*!bmtp!ifme!qfsjpejd!ebodft-!jdf!dsfbn!tpdjbmt-!boe!cppzbt!bt!gvoesbjtfst-!vtvbmmz!iptufe!cz!uif! Xpnfot!Bvyjmjbsz/ pomz!uif!Npptf!sfubjofe!b!ibmm/!Zpvui!pshboj{bujpot!jodmvefe!uif!Cpz!Tdpvut!boe!Hjsm!Tdpvut!boe!uif!5I-!bt!xfmm! bt!buimfujd!pshboj{bujpot/!Tpnf!wbsjbujpo!pg!bmm!pg!uiftf!dpoujovft!upebz/ Hbuifsjoh!Tqbdft!boe!Gftujwbmt Nbqmfxppe!cpbtufe!uxp!esjwf.jo!npwjf!uifbufst-!uif!Nbqmf!Mfbg!boe!uif!Njoofibib!)uif!mbuufs!eftjhofe! cz!bsdijufdut!Mjfcfocfsh!boe!Lbqmbo*/!Tbemz-!ofjuifs!sfnbjot/!Uif!Qmb{b!Uifbufs!)2:78*-!b!tnbmm!npwjf!ipvtf! dvssfoumz!tipxjoh!tfdpoe!svo!npwjft-!tujmm!fyjtut!po!Mbsqfoufvs!boe!Xijuf!Cfbs!Bwfovft/ Uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Gbjs-!ftubcmjtife!jo!2:24!jo!Xijuf!Cfbs!Mblf-!xbt!gpsdfe!pgg!uibu!tjuf!boe!npwfe!up!uif! Qbsbef!)2:77*-!boe!npsf!sfdfou!joopwbujpot!mjlf!fyqboefe!gppe!tfswjdft!boe!b!dmbttjd!dbs!tipx/!Nptu!mjwftupdl! boe!bhsjdvmuvsf!xbt!qibtfe!pvu!cz!uif!2:81t-!bopuifs!joejdbujpo!pg!uif!xbojoh!gbsn!fdpopnz/ Nbqmfxppe!cfdbnf!b!tupq!gps!Tbjou!Qbvm!hbohtufst!!jodmvejoh!Epd!boe!Nb!Cbslfs-!Kpio!Ejmmjohfs-!Cbcz!Gbdf! Ofmtpo-!Cvht!Npsbo-!boe!Hvt!Ojdipmt!!bt!uifz!ifbefe!gspn!uifjs!ipnft!jo!Tbjou!Qbvm!up!tvnnfs!qmbdft!jo! uif!Xijuf!Cfbs!boe!Nbiupnfej!bsfb/!Uif!Qjol!Dbtumf!ps!Dijdlfo!Tibdl-!ps!Qjol!Qbmbdf!)cvjmu!2:43*!bu!3831! Nbqmfxppe!Esjwf!ofbs!uif!upvsjtu!dbcjot!po!Ijhixbz!72-!cfdbnf!b!gbwpsjuf!gps!gsjfe!dijdlfo!tupqt/!Jut!dvssfou! bqqfbsbodf!cfmjft!jut!npsf!hmbnpspvt!qbtu/ Upvsjtn Nbqmfxppe!xbt!tjnjmbs!up!nboz!puifs!tnbmm!Njooftpub!sbjmspbe!dpnnvojujft!jo!uibu!uif!sbjmspbe!mjoft-!jo!bo! fggpsu!up!cpptu!ujdlfu!tbmft-!bdujwfmz!qspnpufe!uif!bsfb!bt!b!sfdsfbujpo!boe!sftpsu!dpnnvojuz/!Uifjs!qvcmjdbujpot! jowbmjet/!Jspojdbmmz-!ju!xbt!uif!sjtf!pg!uif!bvupnpcjmf!uibu!cpmtufsfe!Nbqmfxppet!upvsjtn!cvtjoftt-!bt!ju!cfdbnf! b!dmptf!boe!fbtz!hfubxbz!gps!Tbjou!Qbvm!sftjefout-!qspwjejoh!b!tjnjmbs!cvu!npsf!dpowfojfou!boe!mpxfs.dptu! bmufsobujwf!up!uif!gbtijpobcmf!opsuifso!Njooftpub!sftpsut/ Pof!pg!uif!nptu!qpqvmbs!qmbdft!xbt!uif!Lpimnbo!Ipufm!po!uif!diboofm!cfuxffo!Mblf!Hfswbjt!boe!Gju{ivhi!Mblf-! xijdi!xbt!sfobnfe!Lpimnbo!Mblf!bgufs!Xjmmjbn!Lpimnboo!cpvhiu!vq!nptu!pg!uif!tvsspvoejoh!bdsfbhf!jo!uif! 2981t/!Uif!Lpimnbo!Ipufm!xbt!wfsz!qpqvmbs!jo!uif!2991t.:1t/!Jut!bvejfodf!xbt!ejwfstf-!gspn!ebz.usjqqfst!up!uiptf! uifsf!gps!uifjs!ifbmui-!up!uif!Tjo!Djuz!dpoujohfou-!lopxo!gps!tjhojoh!jo!xjui!b!gfnbmf!hvftu!!pof!xip!xbt!opu! ofdfttbsjmz!uifjs!xjgf/!Uif!qspqfsuz!gfbuvsfe!dbcjot-!b!tbmppo-!boe!b!sftubvsbou/!Jo!uif!tvnnfs!qbttfohfst!xfou! pvu!po!uif!tufbnfs!Xbufs!Mjmz-!boe!jo!uif!xjoufs!ifme!tmfjhijoh!boe!tlbujoh!qbsujft/!Ju!xbt!qbttfe!po!up!Xjmmjbn! Uifsf!xfsf!bmtp!uisff!qpqvmbs!sftpsut!po!Dbswfs!Mblf/!Qfuft!Qmbdf!po!uif!opsui!foe!pqfsbufe!joup!uif!2:91t-!cvu! xbt!upso!epxo!gps!b!dpoepnjojvn!efwfmpqnfou/!Uif!dpnqfujoh!Qfuf!Wbsopt!dbcjot!xfsf!po!uif!tpvui!foe<!uifz! tfswjoh!bt!b!zpvui!dbnq/!Uif!Dbswfs!Mblf!Ubwfso!pqfsbufe!po!uif!opsuixftu!tfdujpo!boe!jt!opx!b!qsjwbuf!ipnf/ Pof!pg!uif!bsfbt!gbwpsjuf!nfnpsjft!jt!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Upvsjtu!Dbcjot!tjho!uibu!vtfe!up!tuboe!po!Ijhixbz!72!boe! Gsptu/!Uif!tjuf!xbt!pqfofe!jo!2:42!bt!!Tbjou!Qbvm!Upvsjtu!Dbnq-!b!dbnqhspvoe-!cvu!jo!2:56!uif!pxofst!dibohfe! uif!obnf!up!Uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Upvsjtu!Dbcjot!boe!fsfdufe!uif!ejtujodujwf!tjho!xjui!b!tvotfu.dpmps!npujg/!Ju!xbt! 33 sfnpwfe!xifo!uif!dbcjot!xfsf!dmptfe!jo!3117-!boe!sfmpdbufe!up!uif!Njooftpub!Ijtupsz!Dfoufs-!xifsf!ju!dbo!opx! cffo!tffo!jo!uif!Njooftpubt!Hsfbuftu!Hfofsbujpo!fyijcju/!Uif!sfusp!tuzmf-!xjui!jut!ejtujodujwf!qpjoujoh!iboe-!jt! wfsz!fwpdbujwf!pg!uif!ujnf!boe!tjnjmbs!up!uif!Dpdlubjm!tjho!tujmm!po!Ijhixbz!72/!Uif!ofbscz!Opsuifso!Bjs!tjho! ibt!bmtp!cffo!mptu-!bt!ibwf!puifs!tjnjmbs!ofbscz!tjhot/ Ipxfwfs-!b!npsf!ejtdsffu!sftpvsdf!tujmm!fyjtut!bdsptt!Ijhixbz!72-!kvtu!tpvui!pg!uif!Qjol!Dbtumf!boe!Bohvt! Nfbut-!jo!uif!tnbmm!tfu!pg!upvsjtu!dbcjot!dbmmfe!uif!Ifssjoht!Dbcjot/!Uiftf!bsf!uif!mbtu!sfnbjojoh!pg!uif!gpvs!tfut!pg! upvsjtu!dbcjot!jo!uif!jnnfejbuf!bsfb!gspn!uif!2:31t.2:61t/!Uifz!bsf!efnpotusbujwf!pg!uif!fbsmz!upvsjtn!boe!usbwfm! ui pg!uif!31!dfouvsz/ Mblft-!Qbslt-!boe!Qvcmjd!Mboe Mpplpvu!Qbsl-!b!ujoz!usjbohmf!rvbsufs.bdsf!tjuf!bu!Qibmfo!Qmbdf!boe!Sjqmfz!ofbs!Mblf!Qibmfo-!ibt!uif!ejtujodujpo! qbsl!xbt!obnfe!gps!b!66.gppu!xppefo!pctfswbujpo!upxfs!cvjmu!jo!ju-!gspn!xijdi!pof!dpvme!sfqpsufemz!tff!Opsui! Tu/!Qbvm-!uif!Tubuf!Gbjshspvoet-!boe!fwfo!epxoupxo!Njoofbqpmjt/!Uif!upxfs!xbt!bqqbsfoumz!efnpmjtife!bspvoe! 2:19-!boe!op!ijtupsjd!sftpvsdft!dvssfoumz!fyjtu!jo!uif!qbsl/ Nbqmfxppe!ibt!b!ovncfs!pg!puifs!qbslt!boe!usbjmt!!!dmptf!up!61!bmm!upme!!nboz!bdrvjsfe!jo!uif!npsf!sfdfou! qbtu!evf!up!uif!Pqfo!Tqbdf!Jojujbujwf/!Tpnf!pg!uiftf-!tvdi!bt!Gjti!Dsffl-!uif!Qsjpsz!Qsftfswf-!boe!uif!Hmbetupof! Tbwboob-!bsf!mpdbufe!po!ijtupsjd!tjuft<!joufsqsfujwf!hvjeft!hjwf!b!qbsujdvmbs!tfotf!pg!uiftf!bsfbt!obuvsbm! tvsspvoejoht!qsf.tfuumfnfou/!Uif!dvssfou!Obuvsf!Dfoufs!tjuf-!po!uif!gpsnfs!Cbsufmnz!Gbsn-!xbt!qvsdibtfe!cz!uif! djuz!voefs!uby.gpsgfjuvsf!jo!2:78!boe!ibt!b!ovncfs!pg!obuvsbm!joufsqsfujwf!gfbuvsft-!uipvhi!op!ijtupsjd!poft/ .!!Kpz!Qbsl!po!Tjmwfs!Mblf/!Uijt!xbt!uif!tjuf!pg!uif!Lfoofm!Dmvc!gps!b!ovncfs!pg!zfbst-!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!sftqfdufe!Kpz! gbnjmz!gbsn/!Tjmwfs!Mblf!xbt!ftqfdjbmmz!lopxo!gps!tlbujoh!boe!puifs!xjoufs!bdujwjujft/ .!!)Mblf*!Qibmfo!Qbsl/!Dsfbufe!po!uif!mblf!jo!29::-!uijt!qbsl!jt!sfmbujwfmz!vodibohfe<!bo!fbsmz!nbq!tipxt!uif!tbnf! usff.mjofe!cpvmfwbse!boe!Lfmmfzt!Qbwjmjpo!po!uif!opsui!foe!pg!uif!mblf!)bekpjojoh!ijt!upvsjtu!dbcjot*/!Mjolft! Mboejoh!xifsf!Mbsqfoufvs!nffut!uif!mblf!xbt!bo!ftqfdjbmmz!qpqvmbs!txjnnjoh!cfbdi!boe!cpbu!mbvodi/ pshboj{bujpo-!gspn!2:68.2:79/ jg!sftfbsdife/!Uijt!qbsl!tujmm!ibt!b!dpx!uvoofm/ Bmuipvhi!uiftf!qbslt!sfubjo!gfx!up!op!psjhjobm!ijtupsjd!sftpvsdft-!uifjs!tupsjft!sfnbjo!jnqpsubou!up!Nbqmfxppet! qbtu/ Ijtupsjdbmmz-!uif!mblft!qspwjefe!uif!nptu!qpqvmbs!qbslt!boe!sfdsfbujpo!tjuft-!ftqfdjbmmz!Mblf!Qibmfo!)obnfe!gps! fbsmz!tfuumfs!Fexbse!Qifmbo-!xip!jo!uif!sfdfou!qbtu!ibt!cfdpnf!opupsjpvt!gps!uif!qsftvnfe!nvsefs!pg!gfmmpx! bo!fydvstjpo!tufbncpbu!sbo!tfwfsbm!ujnft!b!ebz!bmm!tvnnfs/ B!gbwpsjuf!sfdsfbujpobm!xbufsxbz!xbt!uif!dbobm!cfuxffo!Lfmmfs!Mblf!boe!Qibmfo/!Uif!txbnqz!obuvsbm!xbufsxbz! tnbmm!cpbut!dpvme!qmz!uif!dbobmt-!xijmf!tufbn!fydvstjpo!cpbut!sbo!po!Qibmfo/!Uif!Mjoljoh!pg!uif!Mblft!esfehjoh! Mjuumf!Dbobeb!upxotijq!tfuumfs!Cfokbnjo!Hfswbjt*-!boe!Tqppo!Mblft/!Uijt!qspkfdu!effqfofe!uif!dbobmt!boe!dsfbufe! Uijt!xpsl!xjui!uif!dbobmt-!ipxfwfs-!bggfdufe!xbufs!mfwfmt!tp!uif!fydvstjpo!cpbut!dpvme!opu!svo!fggfdujwfmz/!Uijt! xbt!sfnfejbufe!cz!cvjmejoh!Ipofznppo!Gbmmt!jo!Lfmmfs!Qbsl!jo!2:43-!cvu!xbufs!mfwfmt!ofwfs!tubcjmj{fe!befrvbufmz! boe!uif!gbmmt!xfsf!sfnpwfe!jo!2:91/!Uif!XQB!bmtp!dsfbufe!b!Qibmfo!ebn!jo!2:48.49/!Uipvhi!nvdi!pg!uijt!xpsl! xbt!bcboepofe!bu!uif!foe!pg!uif!dfouvsz-!uif!dvssfou!Nbtufs!Qmbo!gps!uif!bsfb!dbmmt!gps!sfwjubmj{joh!uif!sfdsfbujpobm! vtf!pg!uif!xbufsxbzt-!bmuipvhi!xjuipvu!esfehjoh/!Jo!uijt!xbz-!ju!jt!joejdbujwf!pg!qbtu!xpsl-!fwfo!xjuipvu!uif! sftpvsdft/!Tpnf!fmfnfout-!mjlf!uif!brvfevdu-!bsf!rvjfumz!tujmm!uifsf/ 34 ui Lfmmfs!Qbsl-!ofbs!uif!hpmg!dpvstf-!cfdbnf!b!gbwpsjuf!hbuifsjoh!tqpu!ofbs!uif!foe!pg!uif!31!dfouvsz/!Tfwfsbm!pg!jut! csjehft!boe!qjdojd!tjuft!ebuf!gspn!uibu!qfsjpe/!Upebz-!ju!jt!b!gbwpsjuf!hbuifsjoh!qmbdf!gps!nboz!pg!Nbqmfxppet! dvmuvsbm!dpnnvojujft-!jodmvejoh!Btjbo-!Mbujop-!boe!Tpnbmj!gbnjmjft/ opsuixbse-!xjui!tpnf!efdjevpvt!usfft-!nbjomz!pbl!cbssfot/!Uif!tpvuifso!ujq!pg!Nbqmfxppe!jt!pof.ibmg!njmf!gspn! uif!Njttjttjqqj!Sjwfs/!Uif!tuffq!tmpqft!pg!uif!sjwfs!cmvgg!bsf!ifbwjmz!xppefe!jo!uijt!bsfb!boe!mfe!vq!up!uif!pqfo! cmvgg!upq!pg!uif!Gjti!Dsffl!qsftfswf-!xjui!wjfxt!pg!uif!sjwfs!wbmmfz/ Gps!tpnf!ujnf!wbsjpvt!bsfb-!tubuf-!boe!obujpobm!fwfout!xfsf!nfnpsjbmj{fe!xjui!csbtt!qmbrvft!po!tpnf!pg!uif!mbshf! cpvmefst!bmpoh!Lfmmfs!Dsffl/!Bmuipvhi!uif!spdlt!sfnbjo!)boe!jo!tpnf!dbtft!zpv!dbo!tff!uif!esjmmjoh!ipmft*-!uif! qmbrvft!ibwf!bmm!cffo!tupmfo!boe!bsf!opu!mjlfmz!up!cf!sfqmbdfe/ Bt!xfmm!bt!jut!qbslt!boe!qvcmjd!mboe-!Nbqmfxppe!ibt!b!ovncfs!pg!qpufoujbm!Ifsjubhf!Usfft/!Jo!bo!bsfb!xifsf!uif! fbsmz!wfhfubujpo!xbt!bo!jnqpsubou!gbdups!jo!jut!qmbuujoh!boe!cpvoebsjft-!boe!xifsf!pgufo!psjhjobm!tusvduvsft!ibwf! cffo!mptu-!uif!pmefs!usfft!hjwf!b!vojrvf!tfotf!pg!ijtupsz!boe!qmbdf/! Pqfo!Tqbdf!Qsphsbn uif!2:81t-!bmmpdbufe!6!njmmjpo!epmmbst!up!uif!qvsdibtf!boe!qsftfswbujpo!pg!pqfo!tqbdft!jo!Nbqmfxppe-!qspufdujoh! uifn!jo!qfsqfuvjuz!gspn!efwfmpqnfou/! Tjuft!xfsf!sbolfe!boe!qsjpsjuj{fe!cz!uif!Pqfo!Tqbdf!Dpnnjuuff/!Puifs!sfmbufe!jojujbujwft!jodmvef!b!dpnnvojuz! obuvsf!dfoufs!boe!tupsn!xbufs!boe!sbjo!hbsefo!qsphsbnt/ tjuf!)opx!Hmbetupof!Tbwboob*-!boe!uif!sfdfoumz!bdrvjsfe!Gjti!Dsffl!tjuf/ B!Tqpsujoh!Usbejujpo eftjhofe!cz!opufe!Bgsjdbo.Bnfsjdbo!bsdijufdu!Dmbsfodf!Dbq!Xjhjohupo-!xbt!cvjmu!jo!2:39.3:!boe!sfdfoumz! efnpmjtife!jo!b!3123!sfopwbujpo-!bgufs!uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Qbslt!boe!Sfdsfbujpo!Efqbsunfou!efufsnjofe!ju! ibt!pvu!mjwfe!jut!vtfgvm!mjgf!boe!op!mpohfs!gvodujpot!xfmm!po!tvqqpsujoh!uif!hpmg!dpvstf!pqfsbujpo!boe!dboopu!cf! bt!xfmm!bt!b!gfx!tnbmm!pvucvjmejoht/!Uif!dpvstf!jutfmg-!eftjhofe!cz!Qbvm!Dpbuft!bgufs!tfwfsbm!qspnjofou!Fbtu!Dpbtu! dpvstft-!hfofsbmmz!sfubjot!jut!ijtupsjd!mbzpvu!)tjy!pg!uif!ipmft!xfsf!sf.bmjhofe!jo!uif!3123!sfnpefmjoh-!cvu!opu! sfmpdbufe*/ fbsmz!Njooftpub!tqpsut!ijtupsz!bt!b!tupq!jo!nptu!nfot!boe!xpnfot!qspgfttjpobm!upvst!gspn!uif!2:41t!vq!up!uif! QHB!dibnqjpotijq!xpo!cz!b!Mbujop-!Pmjo!Evusb/ Uif!dpvstf!bmtp!cfdbnf!opupsjpvt!bt!b!gbwpsjuf!pg!bsfb!hbohtufst/!Pof!mfhfoe!tbzt!uibu-!podf!bt!Kpio!Ejmmjohfs!xbt! qmbzjoh!uif!uijse!ipmf-!GCJ!bhfout!bqqspbdife!ijt!hspvq!boe!if!xbt!gpsdfe!up!kvnq!uif!gfodf!boe!ipq!b!usbjo!up! ftdbqf-!mfbwjoh!ijt!dpwfufe!dmvct!cfijoe/! Nbqmfxppe!ibt!tfwfsbm!puifs!hpmg!dpvstft-!jodmvejoh!uif!Hppesjdi!Hpmg!Dpvstf!po!uif!gpsnfs!Qpps!Gbsn!hspvoet-! Uif!Qpoet!bu!Cbuumf!Dsffl-!boe!Ijmmdsftu/ 35 .!!Uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!Tlj!Dmvc!Opsejd!Usbjojoh!Bsfb!)tlj!kvnq*!po!Tufsmjoh!Bwfovf/!Uif!36.bdsf!tjuf!xbt!tpme!up!uif! tlj!dmvc!jo!2:53-!boe!b!xppefo!Opsejd!kvnq!dpotusvdufe/!Uif!dvssfou!Ibssjohupo!Kvnq!ebuft!up!2:83/!Uif!dvssfou! mpdbujpo!sfqmbdft!uifjs!qsfwjpvt!ipnf!jo!Cbuumf!Dsffl!)boe!cfgpsf!uibu!jo!Npvoet!Qbsl*/ t!obnfe!bgufs!uif!mbuf! Hfof!Bmesjdi-!xip!tubsufe!uif!Njooftpub!Tubuf!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ipdlfz!Upvsobnfou!jo!2:55-!boe!iptut!cpui!ipdlfz! Sfhjtufs.fmjhjcmf/ .!!Tbjout!Opsui!Spmmfs!Tlbujoh!Sjol!po!Hfswbjt!Dpvsu!xbt!dpotusvdufe!jo!2:84-!tp!kvtu!pvutjef!uif!61.zfbs!nbsl!jo! 3125/ .!!Uif!gpsnfs!tjuf!pg!uif!Lfoofm!Dmvc!jo!Kpz!Qbsl!)ipxfwfs-!op!sftpvsdft!sfnbjo*/ Qspqfsuz!Uzqft Divsdift!boe!sfmbufe!cvjmejoht !Divsdift !Qbspdijbm!tdippmt !Dpowfout-!qsjpsjft-!boe!npobtufsjft !Divsdi!tpdjbm!ibmmt !Sfdupsjft!boe!puifs!sftjefodft !Dfnfufsjft Nffujoh!ibmmt!boe!tpdjbm!ibmmt !Fuijd!pshboj{bujpot !Gsbufsobm!pshboj{bujpot !Tpdjbm!pshboj{bujpot !Nvmuj.qvsqptf!nffujoh!ibmmt !Vojpo!ibmmt Qbslt !Hspvoet !Pqfo!tqbdft !Usbjmt !Cvjmejoht !Tusvduvsft!)hb{fcpt-!xbmmt-!qjdojd!ubcmft-!fud/* Sfdsfbujpo Cbst-!ubwfsot-!tbnqmf!sppnt!boe!tbmppot Cjmmjbset Cpxmjoh!bmmfzt Ebodf!ibmmt!boe!dmbttft Nvtfvnt Nvtjd!ibmmt!boe!dpodfsu!ibmmt Sftubvsbout!boe!dbgft! Uifbufst Tqpsut!hspvoet! !Hpmg!dpvstft Upvsjtn!sfmbufe!tjuft !Ipufmt-!dbcjot!boe!joot Ojhiudmvct!boe!foufsubjonfou !Sftubvsbout!boe!dbgft Ifsjubhf!Usfft 36 Dvmuvsbm!Mjgf!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot jo!Nbqmfxppe-!xifsf!uif!fyjtujoh!sfmjhjpvt!cvjmejoht!hfofsbmmz!sfqsftfou!uif!sfdfou!qbtu/!Uif!IQD!tipvme!xpsl! xjui!mpdbm!divsdift!up!fotvsf!uibu!sftpvsdft!bsf!qspufdufe/ dpotjefs!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!eftjhobujpo!gps!uijt!sftpvsdf/ Nbqmfxppet!dfnfufsjft!tipvme!dpotjefs!tjnjmbs!jojujbujwft/ Bdu/!Jo!hfofsbm-!uiftf!qmbdft!ep!opu!ibwf!cvjmejoht!ps!tjnjmbs!sftpvsdft!up!qsftfswf-!cvu!uifjs!tfotf!pg!qmbdf!jt!tujmm! dsvdjbm/!Uif!IQD!tipvme!xpsl!xjui!uif!Qbslt!Dpnnjttjpo!up!jodmvef!ijtupsjd!qbsl!gfbuvsft!jo!uif!dvssfoumz!jo. qspdftt!Qbslt!boe!Sfdsfbujpo!Qmbo/ njhiu!cf!usjdlz-!bt!gfx!cvjmu!sftpvsdft!sfnbjo/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!obuvsbm!fowjsponfou!pg!uif!Nbqmfxppe!bsfb!jt!bmtp! qbsu!pg!jut!ijtupsz0qsf.ijtupsz-!boe!tp!qsftfswbujpo!dpvme!cf!joufhsbufe!joup!uiftf!qmbot!jo!nboz!xbzt/ Tpnf!bsfbt!ibwf!efwfmpqfe!xbmljoh!upvst!ps!fwfo!jQipof!bqqt!gps!uifjs!qsphsbnt/ sfubjo!uiftf!tjuft/!Jo!qbsujdvmbs-!uif!IQD!tipvme!jowftujhbuf!mjtujoh!Bmesjdi!Bsfob!po!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!pg! Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft/ boe!qsftfswjoh!uifn/ bsf!mpoh!hpof-!uif!IQD!tipvme!jowftujhbuf!joufsqsfujoh!uif!ofjhicpsippet!boe!uifjs!dibsbdufs-!qfsibqt!uispvhi! tjhobhf-!cboofst-!fud/ 37 Dpoufyu!6!!Djwjd!Mjgf Ujnf!tqbo!!2961t!up!qsftfou Nbqmfxppet!Fbsmz!Efwfmpqnfou!!boe!Mbuf!Jodpsqpsbujpo Nbqmfxppet!vovtvbm!tibqf!!pgufo!b!efufsnjobujpo!pg!uif!mboe!mfgu!sbuifs!uibo!uif!mboe!dmbjnfe!!ibt!cffo!bo! jnqpsubou!gbdups!jo!jut!efwfmpqnfou!boe!tfotf!pg!qmbdf/!Uif!ejwjtjpo!jt!fwfo!qiztjdbmmz!dpnqfmmjoh-!ejggfsfoujbujoh! Gps!nptu!pg!jut!fbsmz!ijtupsz-!Nbqmfxppe!xbt!tqmju!cfuxffo!uxp!upxotijqt!!Ofx!Dbobeb!boe!NdMfbo! Upxotijqt!!xijdi!jo!uvso!xfsf!uxp!pg!uif!psjhjobm!kvtu!tjy!upxotijqt!uibu!nbef!vq!Sbntfz!Dpvouz/!Ofx! Dbobeb!xbt!ftqfdjbmmz!lopxo!gps!jut!Gsfodi!Dbobejbo!tfuumfnfout/ Uivt!ejwjefe-!uif!dfousbm!opsuifso!qbsu!boe!uif!tpvuifso!mfh!pg!Nbqmfxppe!ibwf!ibe!b!sfmbujpotijq!uibu!ibt! xifsf!uif!ejtubodf!gspn!uif!bsfb!cfuxffo!uif!opsuixftu!dpsofs!boe!uif!tpvuifso!mfh!jt!rvjuf!mpoh/!Uijt!vojrvf! djsdvntubodf!mfbet!up!bo!vovtvbm!tjuvbujpo!xifsf-!bt!pof!Ijtupsjd!Qsftfswbujpo!Dpnnjttjpofs!tbzt!Joeffe-!xijmf! Tbjou!Qbvm!qspdffefe!up!boofy!pof!tjef!pg!uif!upxotijq-!xijmf!Xbtijohupo!Dpvouz!tjnvmubofpvtmz!boofyfe! gpvs!tfdujpot!bmpoh!uif!tpvuifso!cpsefs/!Uijt!mfgu!uif!upxotijq!bu!mftt!uibo!ibmg!jut!psjhjobm!tj{f-!xjui!pomz!25! tfdujpot!sfnbjojoh/!!Tppo!bgufs-!uif!upxotijq!bduvbmmz!fyqboefe!boe!cspvhiu!uif!cpsefs!opsuixbse-!hbjojoh! gpvs!beejujpobm!tfdujpot/!Ju!uifo!obnfe!jutfmg!NdMfbo!Upxotijq-!bgufs!uif!qvcmjtifs!boe!Sbntfz!Dpvouz! Ipxfwfs-!Tbjou!Qbvm!dpoujovfe!up!boofy!qbsu!pg!uif!mboe-!bdrvjsjoh!tfdujpot!jo!2983-!2996-!boe!2998-!mfbwjoh! Upxotijq!jo!29:1/! Xjui!b!2:57!Mfbhvf!pg!Nvojdjqbmjujft!svmjoh!uibu!nbef!boofybujpo!fbtjfs-!uif!vojodpsqpsbufe!bsfbt!cfdbnf!wfsz! ofswpvt/!Pof!ofjhicpsippe!)Njewbmf*!bmnptu!diptf!up!tfdfef!jo!2:58-!cvu!uif!jefb!xbt!wpufe!epxo/!Mjuumf!Dbobeb! jodpsqpsbufe!jo!2:64-!gvsuifs!bmufsjoh!tpnfxibu!uif!sfnbjojoh!cpvoebsz!mjoft!up!dmbsjgz!uif!bsfb!tfswfe/ ui Ipxfwfs-!jo!hfofsbm!uif!Nbqmfxppe!bsfb!dpoujovfe!ibqqjmz!bt!b!upxotijq!xfmm!joup!uif!31!dfouvsz/!Bt!ju! fyqfsjfodfe!b!qptu.XXJJ!ipvtjoh!cppn!boe!b!efnboe!gps!tfswjdft!tvdi!bt!tfxfs!boe!spbet-!uifsf!xbt!b!dpotubou! gsjdujpo!cfuxffo!ofxdpnfst!xboujoh!jodsfbtfe!tfswjdft!boe!uiptf!xip!eje!opu!xbou!up!qbz!ijhifs!ubyft!gps!tvdi! uijoht/! Ju!xbt!bduvbmmz!joevtusz!uibu!dpfsdfe!Nbqmfxppet!jodpsqpsbujpo/!Jo!2:66-!xifo!4N!boopvodfe!qmbot!up!npwf! jut!ifbervbsufst!up!386!bdsft!jo!uif!Njewbmf!ofjhicpsippe!bmpoh!uif!tpvuifso!mfh-!uifsf!xbt!b!sfbm!gfbs!uibu!uif! sftu!pg!uif!mboe!!ps!bu!mfbtu!uif!nptu!wbmvbcmf!sfnbjojoh!tfdujpot!!xpvme!cf!boofyfe!cz!Tbjou!Qbvm/!Uijt!xbt! fybdfscbufe!cz!bo!jttvf!xjui!b!tfxfs!dpoofdujpo!up!Tbjou!Qbvm/ Uif!wpuf!up!jodpsqpsbuf!xbt!ifme!po!Gfcsvbsz!37-2:68-!xjui!3-516!wpuft!gps!jodpsqpsbujpo!boe!678!bhbjotu/!Uif! ofx!wjmmbhf!pg!Nbqmfxppe!)obnfe!bgufs!b!nbqmf!usff!jo!pof!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz!mfbefst!cbdl!zbse-!xjui!uif!mphp! usbdfe!gspn!pof!pg!jut!mfbwft*!xbt!cpso-!boe!tppo!foufsfe!jut!sjtf!bt!b!sftjefoujbm!tvcvsc/!Jo!uif!2:71!dfotvt!)uif! Bgufs!jodpsqpsbujpo-!Nbqmfxppe!xbt!jojujbmmz!dibmmfohfe!up!qspwjef!uif!ljoet!pg!dpnnvojuz!tfswjdft!uibu! dpoofdujpo!up!uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!tfxfs!tztufn/!Uif!vovtvbm!tibqf!pg!uif!ejtusjdu-!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!mpoh!ijtupsz!pg! joefqfoefodf!boe!evbm.upxotijq!jefoujuz-!dbvtfe!npsf!uibo!b!gfx!jttvft!gps!b!ofx!djuz!xpsljoh!up!dfnfou!jut! jefoujuz/ 38 Djuz!Tfswjdft!! Cfdbvtf!Nbqmfxppe!jodpsqpsbufe!jo!uif!2:61t-!ju!jt!mbdljoh!nboz!pg!uif!qjduvsftrvf!djwjd!cvjmejoht!uibu!nboz! dpnnvojujft!usfbtvsf/! Ju!epft!sfubjo!uif!psjhjobm!Mjuumf!Dbobeb!Upxo!Ibmm-!dvssfoumz!mpdbufe!bu!2486!Gsptu!Bwfovf!jo!uif!pme!Hmbetupof! bsfb/!Uif!Upxo!Ibmm!ibe!psjhjobmmz!cffo!cvjmu!jo!2989.8:!po!uif!opsui!tipsf!pg!Mblf!Qibmfo-!cvu!xbt!npwfe!up! Hmbetupof-!po!uif!tpvui!tjef!pg!Gsptu-!djsdb!2:11/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!ibmm!xbt!opu!cjh!fopvhi-!boe!cz!uif!fbsmz!2:61t! cvjmejoh!xbt!tpme-!npwfe!bdsptt!uif!tusffu-!boe!pwfs!uif!zfbst-!ibt!tfswfe!nboz!qvsqptft-!jodmvejoh!bt!b!divsdi-! ujnft-!jodmvejoh!uif!dvssfou!csjdl!gbèbef/!Uif!cvjmejoh!nbjoubjot!pomz!b!tnbmm!qbsu!pg!jut!psjhjobm!dpotusvdujpo! nbjomz!uif!gsbnjoh!!boe!opof!pg!jut!psjhjobm!mbzpvu!ps!bqqfbsbodf<!ipxfwfs-!uif!tupsz!pg!jut!nboz!vtft!jt!wfsz! fwjefou!cz!jut!dvssfou!mbzpvu!boe!bqqfbsbodf/!Ju!jt!dvssfoumz!wbdbou/! xbt!tmpx-!boe!uif!Nbqmfxppe!Nvojdjqbm!Cvjmejoh!eje!opu!hp!vq!bu!2491!Gsptu!Bwfovf!voujm!2:76-!ipvtjoh!uif! npefso!tuzmf/ Nbqmfxppe!bmtp!mbdlt!uzqjdbm!ijtupsjd!cvjmejoht!tvdi!bt!b!qpmjdf!tubujpo-!kbjm-!dpvsuipvtf-!iptqjubm-!vujmjuz! Nbqmfxppe!Csbodi!Mjcsbsz!sfnbjot!po!Tljmmnbo!Bwfovf-!bt!dpowfsufe!up!uif!Bttbmbn!Nptrvf!jo!2::8/ Gjsf!Tubujpot Jo!uif!usbejujpo!pg!mpdbm!pshboj{bujpo-!tfwfsbm!Hmbetupof!sftjefout!)jodmvejoh!Gsbol!Spttcbdi-!Qijm!Qbmnrvjtu!boe! puifst*!nfu!jo!mbuf!2:53!up!pshboj{f!b!wpmvouffs!Gjsf!Efqbsunfou/! sftqpotf!ujnft!xfsf!tmpx-!boe!uif!efqbsunfou!xbt!voefstubggfe!podf!nboz!pg!jut!nfncfst!cfhbo!up!tfswf! jo!Xpsme!Xbs!JJ/!Bt!Nbqmfxppe!fyqboefe!uifsf!xfsf!nboz!npsf!qspqfsujft!up!qspufdu!boe!nboz!Tbjou!Qbvm! bsfb!uibu!uifz!dpvme!opu!dpoujovf!up!tfswf!uifn/ boz!frvjqnfou!voujm!uifz!qvsdibtfe!Pme!Cfutz!tfdpoe.iboe!gspn!uif!Fydfmtjps!Gjsf!Efqbsunfou!jo!2:55-!vtjoh! ju!voujm!uifz!tpme!ju!up!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Dmpxo!Dmvc!jo!2:62/!Uif!fohjof!tqfou!uif!ofyu!uxfouz.tjy!zfbst!jo!usbotju!voujm! uif!usvdl!cfgpsf!tfmmjoh!ju!up!uif!Djuz!pg!Nbqmfxppe!jo!3114<!ju!jt!opx!po!ejtqmbz!bu!uif!Csvfousvq!Gbsn/ Uif!tubujpo!xbt!fombshfe!up!uisff!tubmmt!jo!2:62!boe!gpvs!jo!2:81/!Jo!2:83-!uif!Ib{fmxppe!Tubujpo!xbt!beefe! )voefs!uif!Hmbetupof!ejwjtjpo*-!jo!psefs!up!qspwjef!tfswjdft!up!uif!hspxjoh!opsui!foe!pg!Nbqmfxppe!boe!uif! Nbqmfxppe!Nbmm/!Uif!psjhjobm!5.tubmm!Hmbetupof!tubujpo!xbt!sfqmbdfe!xjui!b!ofx!pof!po!Dmbsfodf!Tusffu!jo!3112-! boe!efnpmjtife!tppo!bgufs/ Nfboxijmf-!uif!Fbtu!Dpvouz!Mjof!Wpmvouffs!Gjsf!Efqbsunfou!xbt!cfhvo!jo!2:53<!b!qvnqfs!usvdl!xbt!qvsdibtfe! jo!2:57-!boe!uifz!jodpsqpsbufe!jo!2:58/!Uifz!dpotusvdufe!b!uxp.cbz!tubujpo!jo!2:58-!xijdi!xbt!fombshfe!up!gpvs! cbzt!jo!2:63-!xjui!b!tfsjft!pg!bmufsbujpot!jo!uif!2:71t-!81t-!boe!91t/!B!tfdpoe!tubujpo!xbt!beefe!po!Mpoejo!Mbof! jo!2:8:/! 39 Gjobmmz-!uif!Qbsltjef!Efqbsunfou!po!NdNfofnz!gpmmpxfe!jo!uif!mbuf!2:61t-!dpousbdujoh!xjui!uif!Djuz!pg! 2:6:/ ibwf!cffo!cvsofe!gps!uif!jotvsbodf!npofz-!xijmf!puifst!xfsf!epobufe!up!uif!Efqbsunfou!gps!qsbdujdf!esjmmt/! up!qvnq!xbufs!gspn!Lfmmfs!Mblf/! cboofe!gspn!uif!tubujpot!jo!2:94/!Npsf!gpsnbm!fwfout-!mjlf!uif!cppzbt!boe!ebodft-!bmmpxfe!uif!foujsf!dpnnvojuz! fwfo!uipvhi!uifz!ibwf!cffo!ifbwjmz!bmufsfe!!uifz!bsf!tujmm!tfnjobmmz!jnqpsubou-!fwfo!bt!uifz!bsf!mjlfmz!up!cf! qsjwbuj{fe!boe!tpme!xifo!uif!ofx!4N!tubujpo!pqfot!jo!3125/ Uif!uisff!wpmvouffs!efqbsunfout!xpslfe!uphfuifs!boe!fydibohfe!nvuvbm!bje!tfswjdft!xjui!puifs!ofbscz! cfdpnf!Fnfshfodz!Nfejdbm!Ufdiojdjbot/! Tdippmt Bwfovf-!jo!29:5/!Dibvodfz!Dbswfs!epobufe!bo!bdsf!pg!mboe!gps!uif!pof.sppn!tdippm-!ftubcmjtife!tp!uif!gbnjmjft! mjwjoh!bmpoh!Dbswfs!Bwfovf!xpvme!ibwf!b!tdippm!xjuijo!xbmljoh!ejtubodf/!Qsjps!up!uibu-!uif!dijmesfo!xbmlfe!uxp! njmft!up!uif!Ofxqpsu!tdippm!up!uif!tpvui-!ps!pwfs!uisff!njmft!up!uif!pof!sppn!tdippmipvtf!bu!uif!joufstfdujpo!pg! Qpjou!Epvhmbt!Spbe!boe!Mpxfs!Bgupo!Spbe/!Uif!tdippm-!xijdi!xbt!uif!mbtu!pof.sppn!tdippm!jo!uif!ejtusjdu-!xbt! dmptfe!jo!2:65-!xjui!uif!uxfmwf!sfnbjojoh!tuvefout!usbotgfssfe!up!uif!Cfbwfs!Mblf!Tdippm/!Ju!jt!opx!b!qsjwbuf!ipnf! bu!3795!Ijhixppe!Bwfovf/ Uif!Fehfsupo!Fmfnfoubsz!Tdippm!xbt!cvjmu!pg!mjnftupof!csjdl!jo!2986-!po!uif!tjuf!pg!xibu!jt!opx!Gpsftu!Mbxo! Nfnpsjbm/!Ju!xbt!dpowfsufe!joup!b!sftjefodf!cz!K/X/!Gbsez-!boe!npwfe!up!uif!dvssfou!mpdbujpo!pg!2856!Fehfsupo! jo!2:64/!Cpui!uijt!boe!uif!gpsnfs!Dbswfs!Mblf!Tdippm-!jo!uifjs!ofx!mjwft!bt!ipnft-!cfbs!mjuumf!sftfncmbodf!up!uif! psjhjobm!tdippmipvtft/ Uif!sfe!csjdl!Hmbetupof!Tdippm!pqfofe!jo!uif!ifbsu!pg!uif!upxo-!po!Cjsnjohibn-!jo!2998/!Cvjmu!gps!%22-111-!ju!xbt! b!usbejujpobm!cvu!mbshf!5.sppn!tdippm-!boe!tfswfe!bt!b!dpnnvojuz!dfoufs!boe!hbuifsjoh!qmbdf!gps!nboz!pg!uif! zpvui!boe!bevmu!dmvct!boe!bttpdjbujpot!boe!fwfo!divsdi!nffujoht/!Uif!dvqpmb!cfmm!sboh!gps!bmm!nbkps!ofxt!fwfout/! jo!Opsui!Tbjou!Qbvm/!Uif!tdippm!xbt!upso!epxo!jo!2:63!xifo!uif!ofx!Hmbetupof!Tdippm!pqfofe/!Uibu!cvjmejoh-!jo! uvso-!cfdbnf!uif!Hmbetupof!Dpnnvojuz!Dfoufs!)opx!uif!Hmbetupof!Mfbsojoh!Dfoufs*!bgufs!uif!2:86!tdippm!ejtusjdu! dpotpmjebujpo/!Uijt!tdippm!cvjmejoh!bmtp!iptufe!dpnnvojuz!nffujoht!)jodmvejoh!uif!Hmbetupof!Dpnnvojuz!Dmvc*/! Tpnf!joufsjps!gfbuvsft!sfnbjo/ Uif!Ijmmtjef!Tdippm!bu!281:!Opsui!NdLojhiu!Spbe!jt!b!ejtujodujwf-!2:51t!XQB!cvjmejoh!uibu!tujmm!sfubjot!nboz!Bsu. jt!tujmm!fwpdbujwf/ )Opsui!Tbjou!Qbvm-!Nbqmfxppe-!Pblebmf*-!boe!JTE!$734!)Sptfwjmmf*/ 3: Uif!Qpps!Gbsn Uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Qpps!Gbsn!nbz!cf!pof!pg!Nbqmfxppet!nptu!jnqpsubou!sfnbjojoh!sftpvsdft!!cpui!gps!uif! Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs.mjtufe!cbso!uibu!sfnbjot!tuboejoh!)Nbqmfxppet!pomz!dvssfou!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!sftpvsdf*-!boe! gps!jut!jnqpsubodf!jo!uif!dpnnvojuz/!Gps!b!ujnf-!ju!fwfo!qvu!Nbqmfxppe!jo!uif!Hvjooftt!Cppl!pg!Xpsme!Sfdpset-! gps!uif!pomz!qmbdf!jo!uif!dpvousz!xifsf!Qsptqfsjuz!Xbz!\\uif!tusffu!ju!xbt!po^!mfbet!up!uif!Qpps!Gbsn/ Qpps!gbsnt!xfsf!bo!fbsmz!hpwfsonfou!nfuipe!pg!efbmjoh!xjui!uif!qpps-!tjdl-!nfoubmmz!jmm-!fmefsmz-!boe!psqibot! dpvouz!bt!uif!pomz!voju!gps!qpps!sfmjfg!boe!sfrvjsjoh!dpvouz!cpbset!up!ftubcmjti!qpps!gbsnt/!Uijt!cfhbo!xjui! pvuepps!sfmjfg!)cbtjdbmmz!hfofsbm!bttjtubodf*-!cvu!tppo!hbwf!xbz!up!joepps!sfmjfg!)uif!dsfbujpo!pg!ipnft*!bt!b! dptu.tbwjoh!nfbtvsf/!Uif!jefb!pg!b!qpps!gbsn!xbt!uibu!uif!gbsn!dpvme!qspwjef!gppe!gps!jut!sftjefout-!bt!xfmm!bt! tfmmjoh!uifjs!qspevdf/!Uif!gbsntjuft!bmtp!cfdbnf!b!mboe!jowftunfou!gps!dpvouz!cpbset/!Uif!dpvoujft!xfsf!tppo! dsjujdj{fe!gps!cvzjoh!vq!qspqfsuz!xfmm!bifbe!pg!offe-!sfnpwjoh!uif!qspqfsuz!gspn!uif!uby!spmmt!boe!tfuumfnfou! bcjmjuz!boe!jodvssjoh!nbjoufobodf!dptut/ )puifs!dpvoujft!gpmmpxfe!tppo!bgufs*/!Uif!dpvouz!ftubcmjtife!jut!nbkps!qpps!gbsn!gbdjmjuz!po!uif!dvssfou!tjuf!pg! uif!tubuf!gbjshspvoet!jo!uif!2971t-!cvu!tppo!efufsnjofe!ju!offefe!b!npsf!svsbm!gbdjmjuz/!Uivt-!jo!2996-!uif!Sbntfz! Dpvouz!Qpps!Gbsn!xbt!ftubcmjtife!bu!uif!Nbqmfxppe!tjuf-!boe!tppo!cfdbnf!b!sfmbujwfmz!uisjwjoh!gbdjmjuz-!eftjhofe! tp!uibu!uif!sftjefout!dpvme!cftu!dpousjcvuf!up!uifjs!pxo!tvqqpsu/ Uif!gbsn!hsfx!rvjdlmz/!Bu!jut!qfbl-!ju!ibe!468!sftjefout!jo!b!gbdjmjuz!eftjhofe!gps!pomz!vq!up!246-!jodmvejoh!nfo-! xpnfo-!boe!dijmesfo-!boe!sbohjoh!gspn!ofxcpso!up!fmefsmz/!Uif!nbjo!cvjmejoh!xbt!pg!csjdl!dpotusvdujpo-! uifo!mbufs!ibwjoh!uifjs!pxo!dpuubhf/!Uif!nbjo!cvjmejoh!bmtp!ibe!uxp!sfbejoh!sppnt-!b!ejojoh!sppn-!ljudifo-! boe!mbvoesz-!cvu!op!dibqfm!ps!tdippm!sppnt/!Ovnfspvt!pvucvjmejoht!boe!gbdjmjujft!jodmvefe!uxp!tupof!cbsot-!b! sfgsjhfsbujpo!cvjmejoh!)djsdb!2:11*-!boe!fwfo!b!dpbm!tupq!po!uif!sbjmspbe/ Ju!cfdbnf!lopxo!gps!ebjsz!qspevdujpo-!tp!jo!2:29!uif!tnbmmfs!cbsot!xfsf!sfqmbdfe!cz!uif!mbshf!csjdl!cbso!uibu! dpvme!ipme!vq!up!86!qvsfcsfe!dbuumf-!wbmvfe!bu!%4:-111/!Uif!Vojwfstjuz!pg!Njooftpub!bmtp!lfqu!uftu!dpxt!bu!uif! cbso/!Beejujpobmmz!uifsf!xfsf!puifs!mjwftupdl!boe!dspqt-!boe!uif!sftjefout!sfbmmz!eje!bdijfwf!uif!jefbm!pg!tfmg. dfnfufsz!xbt!ftubcmjtife!bt!b!dptu.dvuujoh!npwf-!tbwjoh!pgg.tjuf!cvsjbm!gfft/!Bmnptu!4-111!qfpqmf!bsf!cfmjfwfe! cvsjfe!ifsf-!uipvhi!opof!pg!uif!hsbwft!bsf!nbslfe/!Bgufs!cvsjbmt!dfbtfe!jo!2:34-!uif!mboe!xbt!vtfe!bhsjdvmuvsbmmz! cz!uif!Qpps!Gbsn!voujm!ju!dmptfe!jo!2:61/! Uif!fbsmz!qpps!gbsnt-!ipxfwfs-!nbz!ibwf!cffo!cfuufs!dpotjefsfe!cz!uif!wbsjpvt!dpvoujft!uibo!cz!uifjs! dpotujuvfout/!Uif!Kbovbsz!34-!2983!!dpnnfout!b!qfsgfdu!ipssps!xbt!foufsubjofe!bu!uif!uipvhiu! pg!hpjoh!up!uif!qpps!ipvtf!!jo!gbdu-!tubswbujpo!boe!efbui!xfsf!dpotjefsfe!qsfgfsbcmf!up!sfnpwbm!up!uibu! ftubcmjtinfou/!Uif!Sfwfsfoe!Ibtujoht!I/!Ibsu!upvsfe!boe!tuvejfe!uif!tubuft!qpps!gbsnt!jo!uif!2991t!boe!gpvoe! uifn!jmm!dpodfjwfe-!qppsmz!nbobhfe-!boe!jofggfdujwf/!Svnpst!bcpvu!uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Qpps!Gbsn!ejtdvtt! ejggfsfou!qjduvsf!pg!b!sfmbujwfmz!qsptqfspvt!gbsn!boe!dpoufou!sftjefout/ Tubuf!qpqvmbujpo!hspxui!jo!uif!2991t!boe!29:1t!jodsfbtfe!uif!offe!gps!qpps!gbsnt-!boe!uif!Cpbse!pg!Dpssfdujpot! boe!Dibsjujft!fwfo!dpnnjttjpofe!ufnqmbuf!npefm!qmbot!gps!tnbmmfs!boe!mbshfs!jotujuvujpot/!Uiftf!qmbot!hfofsbmmz! gfbuvsfe!xjef!dfousbm!ibmmxbzt-!boe!nfot!boe!xpnfot!rvbsufst!jo!ejggfsfou!xjoht!pg!uif!cvjmejoh-!xjui!uif! pwfstffst!bqbsunfou!cfuxffo/!Uipvhi!uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!gbsn!qsf.ebuft!uiftf!ufnqmbuft-!nboz!gfbuvsft!xfsf! tjnjmbs/!Cz!2:11!uifsf!xfsf!45!ipnft!tubufxjef-!xijdi!hsfx!up!55!cz!2:21-!sfnbjojoh!bu!uijt!qfbl!gps!uif!ofyu! tfwfsbm!efdbeft/ 41 Cz!2:46-!xifo!uif!Tpdjbm!Tfdvsjuz!Bdu!qbttfe-!bttjtubodf!dpvme!opu!cf!hjwfo!up!uiptf!sftjejoh!jo!qvcmjd!jotujuvujpot/! Bt!b!sftvmu-!nptu!pg!uif!fmefsmz!npwfe!pvu!pg!qpps!gbsnt-!boe!nboz!xfsf!dmptfe/!Cz!2:61-!xifo!uif!Tpdjbm! Tfdvsjuz!Bdu!xbt!bnfoefe!up!jodmvef!uiptf!mjwjoh!jo!sftu!ipnft-!nboz!pg!uif!gpsnfs!qpps!gbsnt!)bt!xfmm!bt! qsjwbuf!jotujuvujpot!tvdi!bt!tbojubsjvnt*-!xfsf!dpowfsufe!joup!tfojps!gbdjmjujft/!Uijt!xbt!uif!dbtf!gps!uif!Sbntfz! Dpvouz!Qpps!Gbsn-!xijdi!cfdbnf!uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Ovstjoh!Ipnf!jo!2:61-!boe!bmm!gbsn!pqfsbujpot-!jodmvejoh! mjwftupdl-!dfbtfe/!Uibu!ovstjoh!ipnf!sbo!uispvhi!2:89-!pomz!up!cf!efnpmjtife!boe!sfqmbdfe!cz!b!ofx!gbdjmjuz/ Bt!xfmm!bt!uif!cbso-!tujmm!sfnbjojoh!bsf!uif!njml!ipvtf-!uif!hbsbhf-!boe!cpjmfs!sppn/!Uif!tvqfsjoufoefout!ipvtf! ibt!cffo!sfmpdbufe!up!Ibssjt!Bwfovf/!Bmtp!sfnbjojoh!jt!uif!hsbwfzbse-!opx!b!ifsjubhf!qbsl-!dpoofdujoh!up!uif! Hbufxbz!Usbjm/!Ju!ibt!b!mbshf!tupof!dpnnfnpsbujwf!nbslfs/ Uipvhi!uif!ijtupsz!pg!qpps!gbsnt!jo!uif!tubuf!pg!Njooftpub!jt!wfsz!fwpdbujwf-!sfmbujwfmz!gfx!qiztjdbm!sftpvsdft!tujmm! fyjtu/!Up!nboz-!ju!jt!b!qfsjpe!pg!ujnf!uibu!jt!cftu!gpshpuufo/!Uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Qpps!Gbsn!fodpvoufsfe!uijt!xifo! nvdi!pg!ju!xbt!efnpmjtife-!mfbejoh!up!ju!cfjoh!djufe!pof!pg!uif!21!Nptu!Foebohfsfe!Qmbdft!cz!uif!Qsftfswbujpo! Bmmjbodf!pg!Njooftpub!jo!3117-!eftqjuf!jut!pohpjoh!vtf/!Mvdljmz-!ju!xbt!tbwfe-!boe!cfdbnf!Nbqmfxppet!pomz! dvssfou!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs.mjtufe!qspqfsuz/ Xbufs!Xpslt Uif!xbufs!xpslt-!jodpsqpsbufe!bt!uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!Xbufs!Dpnqboz-!xbt!jodpsqpsbufe!jo!2968-!cfgpsf!uif!bsfb!xbt! fwfo!eftjhobufe!bt!b!xbufstife/!Mjoft!xfsf!evh!cz!2976-!boe!uif!qmbou!jutfmg!xbt!cvjmu!jo!297:/!Xbufs!npwfe! cz!hsbwjuz!gspn!Mblf!Qibmfo!up!epxoupxo!Tbjou!Qbvm!wjb!27.35!fbsuifoxbsf!boe!jspo!qjqft/!Bt!qbsu!pg!uif! dpotusvdujpo-!uif!mfhjtmbuvsf!bvuipsj{fe!uif!Xbufs!Xpslt!up!esfehf!diboofmt!cfuxffo!Qibmfo-!Hfswbjt-!boe!Lfmmfs! Mblft-!boe!up!ftubcmjti!mpdlt-!ebnt-!boe!brvfevdut/!Pwfs!2-111!cvjmejoht!xfsf!tvqqmjfe!cz!uif!Xbufs!Xpslt-! xijdi!ibe!b!dbqbdjuz!pg!5-411-111!hbmmpot!b!ebz/!Uif!dpnqboz!xfou!gspn!qsjwbuf!up!qvcmjd!iboet!xifo!qvsdibtfe! cz!uif!Djuz!pg!Tbjou!Qbvm!jo!2993-!boe!Qibmfo!Mblf!qspwjefe!uif!qsjnbsz!tpvsdf!pg!djuz!xbufs!voujm!2:24/ Uif!Xbufs!Xpslt!uifntfmwft!tujmm!sfnbjo-!boe!bsf!jo!vtf/!Uif!brvfevdut!bmtp!sfnbjo-!uipvhi!uijt!ibt!dbvtfe! qspcmfnt!evf!up!nbjoufobodf!jttvft/!Uif!2:4:!Dpsqt!pg!Fohjoffst!beesfttfe!tpnf!pg!uif!jttvft-!cvu!opu!bmm/!Jo! uif!2:61t!boe!2:71t-!uif!xbufs!mfwfmt!jo!Mblf!Qibmfo!ftqfdjbmmz!xfsf!wfsz!mpx/!Uijt!sfmbuft!up!tfwfsbm!pg!uif!qbsl! jnqspwfnfou!fggpsut-!tvdi!bt!uif!esfehjoh!cfuxffo!uif!mblft!boe!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!uif!)opx!mptu*!Ipofznppo!Gbmmt-! bt!qsfwjpvtmz!ejtdvttfe!jo!Dpoufyu!5/ Uif!Xbufs!Xpslt!cvjmejoh-!mpdbufe!bu!2:11!Sjdf!Tusffu-!nbjoubjot!tpnf!psjhjobm!gfbuvsft!)bt!xfmm!bt!tfwfsbm! bmufsbujpot*/!Uifz!bmtp!qpttftt!uif!psjhjobm!cjmmjoh!sfdpset-!xijdi!uifz!bsf!jo!uif!qspdftt!pg!tdboojoh!boe! Tjuft!Dvssfoumz!Eftjhobufe Uif!cbso!pg!uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Qpps!Gbsn!jt!mjtufe!po!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft!bt!bo!joejwjevbm! mboenbsl/ Qspqfsuz!Uzqft Djwjd!cvjmejoht !Upxo!Ibmm !Mjcsbsjft !Gjsf!ibmmt !Qpmjdf!tubujpot Qvcmjd!tfswjdft !Tusffut! !Tusffumjhiut 42 Qppsipvtf Tpdjbm!tfswjdft Qvcmjd!tfswjdft !Fmfdusjdjuz !Tfxfs!boe!xbufs !Hbt !Ufmfqipof !Ufmfhsbqi !Xbufs! Tdippmt Djwjd!Mjgf!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot; Nvojdjqbm!Cvjmejoh/!Uif!mbuufs!ftqfdjbmmz!tuboet!bt!b!hppe!fybnqmf!pg!nje.dfouvsz!xpsl-!boe!jt!joejdbujwf!pg!uif! bsfb!hpwfsobodf/ nboofs/ dpotjefs!xpsljoh!xjui!uiftf!ipnfpxofst!up!bmmpx!joufsqsfubujpo!xjuipvu!uif!mptt!pg!boz!qspqfsuz!sjhiut/ sftpvsdft-!jodmvejoh!puifs!cvjmejoht-!uif!Qpuufst!Gjfme-!boe!uif!)npwfe*!dbsfublfst!ipvtf/!Uif!IQD!tipvme! jowftujhbuf!bo!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!opnjobujpo-!ps!bu!mfbtu!tpnf!puifs!xbzt!up!joufsqsfu!boe! qsftfswf!uif!fyjtujoh!sftpvsdft/ 43 Dpoufyu!7!!Dpnnfsdf!boe!Joevtusz Ujnf!tqbo!!2961t!up!qsftfou Nbqmfxppet!dpnnfsdjbm!ijtupsz!ibt!njsspsfe!jut!djwjd!efwfmpqnfou-!jo!bo!vovtvbm!njy!pg!joevtusjft!boe!cvtj. ofttft!uibu!epft!opu!gpmmpx!usbejujpobm!qbuit/!! Qmboofe!efwfmpqnfou!cfhbo!dpowfoujpobmmz!fopvhi-!bt!b!mboe!tqfdvmbupst!upxo!dfoufsfe!bspvoe!uif!sbjmxbz/! Uif!uxp!sbjmspbe!mjoft-!xjui!uif!beejujpo!pg!uif!Tipqt!boe!uif!Qmpx!Xpslt-!xfsf!up!cf!uif!bodipst!pg!b!uisjwjoh! upxo!uibu!xpvme!sjwbm!Tbjou!Qbvm/!Gps!b!ujnf-!epxoupxo!Hmbetupof!ibe!b!tnbmm!cvu!sfmbujwfmz!uisjwjoh!dpn. nfsdjbm!opef/!Ipxfwfs-!xifo!uif!Tipqt!boe!uifo!uif!Qmpx!Xpslt!dmptfe-!boe!bt!uif!sbjmspbet!cfhbo!up!mptf!uifjs! epnjobodf-!cvtjoftt!bdujwjuz!efdmjofe!rvjdlmz/ Puifs!bdujwjujft!qjdlfe!vq-!jodmvejoh!usvdl!gbsnjoh-!ebjsz!pqfsbujpot-!boe!upvsjtn/!Tnbmm!ofjhicpsippe!dpnnfs. ui djbm!opeft!efwfmpqfe-!fwfo!bt!Nbqmfxppe!ibe!op!sfbm!epxoupxo/!Bu!uif!foe!pg!uif!31!dfouvsz-!Nbqmfxppe! Nbmm!cfdbnf!uif!ibscjohfs!pg!tdbuufsfe!cvu!joufotjwf!sfubjm!bmpoh!nbkps!dpnnfsdjbm!dpssjepst!tvdi!bt!Xijuf!Cfbs! Bwfovf!boe!Ijhixbz!72/ Njewbmf!tjuf-!cfhjoojoh!jo!2:66/!Uif!fopsnpvt!efwfmpqnfou!vojufe!Nbqmfxppet!opsuifso!tfdujpo!xjui!uif!tpvui! Nbqmfxppet!Jojujbm!Joevtusjft Tu/!Qbvm!Qmpx!Xpslt Uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!Qmpx!Xpslt!!bmtp!lopxo!bt!uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!Bhsjdvmuvsbm!Xpslt!!xbt!dpotusvdufe!jo!2998/!Tjnvm. ubofpvt!up!uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt!)bt!ejtdvttfe!jo!uif!Usbotqpsubujpo!dpoufyu*-!uifz!xfsf!cvjmu!gps!b!gsbdujpo!pg!uif! Tipqt!dptu-!kvtu!%36-111!jotufbe!pg!bmnptu!%396-111/!Ju!xbt!mpdbufe!ofbscz-!kvtu!OF!pg!uif!dvssfou!joufstfdujpo!pg!uif! Hbufxbz!boe!Wfoup!Usbjmt/!Uiftf!csjdl!joevtusjbm!cvjmejoht!uppl!bewboubhf!pg!uif!qspyjnjuz!pg!uif!uxp!sbjm!mjoft! xip!xbt!bmtp!uif!qsftjefou!pg!Ebxtpo!boe!Dpnqboz!Cbol-!uif!mbshftu!qsjwbuf!cbol!jo!uif!xftu!bddpsejoh!up! uif!2992!/!Uif!cbol!dibohfe!jut!dibsufs!up!uif!Cbol!pg!Njooftpub!jo!2993/ Uif!gbdupsz!xbt!jojujbmmz!wfsz!tvddfttgvm-!qspevdjoh!jufnt!tvdi!bt!uif!Qjsbuf!csboe!qmpx-!uif!Tfmljf!qmpx-! Cvdlfzf!tipf!esjmmt-!qvnqt!boe!tffefst-!boe!puifs!jnqmfnfout/!Uifz!bmtp!bddfqufe!pvutpvsdfe!xpsl!gspn!uif! puifs!nbjo!bsfb!joevtusjft-!uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt!boe!uif!Xbufs!Xpslt/!Jufnt!xfsf!ejtusjcvufe!obujpobmmz!cz!uif! Nbtu-!Cvgpse!'!Cvsxfmm!Dpnqboz!boe!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Jnqmfnfou!Dpnqboz/!Cz!29:8-!pwfs!211!nfo!xfsf!fnqmpzfe! ifsf-!sjwbmjoh!uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt!gps!fnqmpznfou/ Uif!cvjmejoht!jodmvefe!b!gpvoesz-!b!xppexpsljoh!tipq-!b!cmbdltnjui!tipq-!b!hsjoejoh!tipq-!boe!b!nbdijof!tipq/! cvjmejoh!sfnbjofe/!Uif!upubm!mptt!upqqfe!%411-111-!boe!dptu!uif!Qmpx!Xpslt!uif!sfmbujpotijq!xjui!uifjs!ejtusjcvups/ Uifz!sfcvjmu!boe!fyqboefe-!jodmvejoh!dpousbdujoh!gps!npsf!frvjqnfou!gps!uif!Xbufs!Xpslt/!Ipxfwfs-!uifz!dmptfe! dibshft!pg!fncf{{mfnfou!sfmbufe!up!ju/!Uif!cbol!xfou!po!up!gbjm!jo!29:9-!boe!Ebxtpo!up!ejf!pg!bqpqmfdujd!tusplf!jo!2:12/ Gspn!2:14.2:19-!uif!dpnqboz!sf.pqfofe!boe!pqfsbufe!bt!Qpjsfs!nbovgbduvsjoh-!xijdi!nbovgbduvsfe!hsbjo!esjmmt-! ftqfdjbmmz!uif!Qpjsjfs.Nbtufs!pg!Bmm!esjmm-!boe!fwfo!gvsobdft/!Ju!uifo!sbo!po.bhbjo-!pgg.bhbjo!voujm!2:32-!xifo!ju! dmptfe!gps!hppe/!Bmm!cvjmejoht!xfsf!efnpmjtife!cz!2:47/!B!gfx!csjdl!sfnobout!bsf!tbje!up!cf!kvtu!voefshspvoe! bmpoh!uif!Wfoup!Usbjm/ 44 Hmbetupoft!Puifs!Cvtjofttft Uif!Qmpx!Xpslt!boe!uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt!fyjtufe!jo!tzofshz!xjui!fbdi!puifs/!Up!b!mbshf!fyufou-!uiftf!uxp!cvtj. ofttft!xfsf!nvuvbmmz!efqfoefou/!Uifz!dpmmbcpsbufe!po!fggpsut!tvdi!bt!qspwjejoh!ipvtjoh!!uphfuifs-!uif!Tipqt! bmpoh!EfTpup!boe!Fehfsupo-!kvtu!opsui!pg!Mbsqfoufvs*/!Uifjs!dpohsvfodf-!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!mpdbm!gbsn!fdpopnz-!mfe!up! b!tnbmm!cvu!sfmbujwfmz!tubcmf!cvtjoftt!dpnnvojuz!jo!epxoupxo!Hmbetupof/! ijudijoh!tife-!tfwfsbm!cpbsejoh!ipvtft!)pof!pg!xijdi!nbz!ibwf!cffo!b!ipvtf!pg!jmm!sfqvuf*-!boe!uxp!efqput-!bt! xfmm!bt!b!divsdi-!upxo!ibmm-!boe!tdippm/!Uifsf!xfsf!b!gfx!npeftu-!xppe.gsbnf!ipvtft!)pg!xijdi!boz!sfnbjojoh! ibwf!cffo!fyufotjwfmz!bmufsfe*/!Uif!cvtjofttft!xfsf!ftujnbufe!up!fnqmpz!2-111!cz!dpoufnqpsbsz!tpvsdft-!uipvhi! jo!ijoetjhiu!uijt!xpvme!tffn!ijhi!bt!uif!foujsf!qpqvmbujpo!xbt!ftujnbufe!bu!cfuxffo!261.361/ Up!uijt!ebz-!hspdfsz!tupsft!sfnbjo!po!uif!dpsofs!pg!Gsptu!boe!Dmbsfodf!)Hmbetupof!Tusffu*-!xifsf!uifz!ibwf!tuppe! tjodf!uif!mbuf!2911t/!Uif!Gbvtu!Hfofsbm!Tupsf-!cvjmu!jo!2:13!)mbufs!Qgfjggfst!tubsujoh!jo!2:43*!xbt!b!obuvsbm!hbuifsjoh! cblfsz-!ebuft!gspn!uif!2:71t/! Bdsptt!uif!tusffu!jt!uif!pme!Lfmmfs!Hspdfsz!Tupsf!)Njlft!MQ!Hbt!bt!pg!3125*-!xijdi!jt!pof!pg!uif!mfbtu!dibohfe! cvjmejoht!jo!pme!Hmbetupof/!Kvtu!epxo!uif!tusffu!jt!b!sfqmjdb!pg!uif!Hmbetupof!Cvmmfujo!Cpbse-!ftubcmjtife!cz!uif! NBIT!up!sfqmjdbuf!uif!cpbse!uibu!tuppe!uifsf!gspn!uif!2:31t!up!uif!2:61t/!Uipvhi!uif!cvjmejoht!boe!tupsft!uifn. tfmwft!nbz!ibwf!dibohfe!bu!uijt!joufstfdujpo-!uif!tfotf!pg!qmbdf!jt!hfofsbmmz!sfubjofe/ Bu!Fohmjti!boe!Gsptu!xfsf!uif!pme!Upn!Kpzdf!Hbt!Tubujpo!boe!Hmbetupof!Npupst-!sftpvsdft!uibu!xpvme!ibwf!ujfe!up! uif!Usbotqpsubujpo!dpoufyu/!Tbemz-!cpui!bsf!mptu/!Puifs!mptu!sftpvsdft!jodmvef!uif!Hmbetupof!Ipufm!)cvjmu!jo!uif!mbuf! 2991t!boe!hpof!cz!uif!2:31t*-!Hmbetupof!Qpvmusz!)jspojdbmmz-!mbufs!b!gpy!gbsn*-!boe!uif!tdippm-!bt!xfmm!bt-!pg!dpvstf-! uif!Qmpx!Xpslt!boe!Tipqt/! up!fmjnjobuf!dpogvtjpo!po!tijqqjoh!beesfttft!xjui!uif!upxo!pg!Hmbetupof-!Njdijhbo/!Uipvhi!uif!upxotqfpqmf! dpoujovfe!up!dbmm!uif!bsfb!Hmbetupof-!ju!xbt!bo!joejdbujpo!pg!uif!sbjmspbet!bncjwbmfodf!upxbse!uif!tupq/!Xifo! uif!Tipqt!boe!uifo!uif!Qmpx!Xpslt!dmptfe-!jo!2:26.28!boe!2:32!sftqfdujwfmz-!uif!bsfb!tppo!tvggfsfe!b!epxouvso/! Qfpqmf!npwfe!pvu!pg!uif!vojodpsqpsbufe!upxo-!boe!uif!tupsft!boe!tnbmm!cvtjofttft!xfsf!tppo!tivuufsfe/! Cfdbvtf!Nbqmfxppe!xbt!tp!dmptf!up!Tbjou!Qbvm-!ju!cfdbnf!bo!fbsmz!dpnnvufs!upxo-!xjui!nboz!mjwjoh!uifsf!boe! xpsljoh!epxoupxo/!Voujm!uif!ijhixbz!ofuxpsl!efwfmpqfe-!qfpqmf!xpvme!ublf!uif!usbjo!ebjmz-!ps!uif!tusffudbs! mjof!bu!uif!xftu!tjef!pg!Mblf!Qibmfo/!Uijt!upp!ibe!bo!fggfdu!po!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz-!bt!nboz!xpvme! tipq!ps!svo!fssboet!jo!Tbjou!Qbvm!jotufbe!pg!dmptfs!up!ipnf/ LTUQ!Cvjmejoh B!qspnjofou-!cvu!voefs.vtfe!sftpvsdf-!jt!uif!LTUQ!usbotnjuufs!bu!38:3!O/!Ijhixbz!72/!Uijt!{jh{bh!Bsu!Efdp! tuzmfe!cvjmejoh!jt!fyusfnfmz!fwpdbujwf!pg!cpui!uif!bsdijufduvsbm!tuzmf!boe!uif!xjef.pqfo!tqbdft!qsfwbmfou!jo! Nbqmfxppe!jo!bqqspyjnbufmz!2:3:!xifo!ju!xbt!cvjmu/!Uif!upxfs!xbt!dpotusvdufe!jo!pqfo!mboe!po!uif!tjuf!pg! Cfmdifst!Tboe!Qju-!boe!psjhjobmmz!cpbtufe!gpvs!usbotnjttjpo!upxfst/!Ju!sfnbjot!b!wfsz!qspnjofou!sftpvsdf/ Nbqmfxppet!Mbufs!Joevtusz!boe!Dpnnfsdf!!! 4N Jg!uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt!boe!uif!Qmpx!Xpslt!sfqsftfoufe!Nbqmfxppet!fbsmjftu!cfhjoojoht-!uif!4N!dpnqmfy!jt! dfsubjomz!jut!nptu!jnqpsubou!dvssfou!cvtjoftt/!Opu!pomz!jt!uif!dbnqvt!b!qsfepnjobou!Nbqmfxppe!mboenbsl!)xjui! 586!bdsft-!pwfs!61!cvjmejoht-!boe!npsf!uibo!21-111!fnqmpzfft!po.tjuf*-!cvu!Nbqmfxppe!mjlfmz!pxft!jut!wfsz!fyjt. ufodf!up!uif!dpnqboz/!Ibe!4N!opu!diptfo!uif!Njewbmf!tjuf!gps!jut!xpsme!ifbervbsufst!jo!uif!2:61t-!Nbqmfxppe! mjlfmz!xpvme!opu!ibwf!jodpsqpsbufe-!boe!xpvme!upebz!cf!qbsu!pg!tfwfsbm!puifs!nvojdjqbmjujft/ 45 4N!xbt!gpvoefe!bt!Njooftpub!Njojoh!boe!Nbovgbduvsjoh!jo!Uxp!Ibscpst-!NO-!jo!Kvmz!2:13/!Gpvoejoh!ejsfdupst! gbdjmjuz!xbt!jo!Dsztubm!Cbz-!boe!ju!xbt!jojujbmmz!b!wfsz!tnbmm!pqfsbujpo-!tqfdvmbujoh!jo!uif!njofsbm!dpsvoevn/!Xifo! . mjoh!dpnqboz!ofbsmz!gbjmfe/ Jotufbe-!cfhjoojoh!jo!2:16-!uif!dpnqboz!xbt!ublfo!pwfs!xjui!b!tupdl!qvsdibtf!cz!Mvdjvt!Psexbz!boe!Fehbs! Pcfs/!Uif!cvtjofttnfo!npwfe!uif!dpnqboz!up!Evmvui-!boe!tubsufe!b!mjof!pg!tboeqbqfs!qspevdut/!Ju!xbt!evsjoh! uiftf!Evmvui!zfbst!uibu!uif!dpnqboz!ijsfe!cpui!Xjmmjbn!M/!NdLojhiu!boe!B/H/!Cvti!bt!cppllffqfst/!Cpui-!cvu! ftqfdjbmmz!NdLojhiu-!cfdbnf!qsjnf!fybnqmft!pg!fnqmpzfft!xip!xfsf!up!xpsl!uifjs!xbz!vq!jo!uif!dpnqboz!up! mbufs!mfbe!ju/! Tppo!bgufs!uif!ublfpwfs-!Psexbz!qbje!up!npwf!uif!qmbou!up!Tbjou!Qbvmt!Fbtu!Tjef-!tp!uibu!ju!xpvme!cf!dmptfs!up!ijt! Cvti!Tusffu*!bu!uif!dptu!pg!%46-413/!Uipvhi!uif!dbnqvt!mbufs!fyqboefe!up!bmnptu!61!bdsft-!uif!cvjmu.vq!mpdbujpo! qspwfe!up!cf!qspcmfnbujd-!cpui!jo!mboe!bdrvjtjujpo!boe!uif!offe!up!efnpmjti!fyjtujoh!tusvduvsft!jo!psefs!up!cvjme! up!tvju/ . qsppg!tboeqbqfs-!nbtljoh!ubqf-!boe!Tdpudi!dfmmpqibof!ubqf-!fotvsfe!tuspoh!nbslfu!tibsf/!Joopwbujpo!xbt!mfe!cz! Pwfs!uif!ofyu!gfx!efdbeft-!4N!pqfofe!qmbout!bmm!pwfs!uif!xpsme-!boe!qvsdibtfe!tfwfsbm!tnbmmfs!cvtjofttft/! Bmnptu!bmm!pg!uibu!xbt!gvoefe!gspn!xjuijo/!Uif!Fbtu!Tjef!dbnqvt!xbt!bmtp!fyqboefe-!xjui!pwfs!%611-111!tqfou! po!b!ofx!ifbervbsufst!cvjmejoh-!dfousbm!sftfbsdi!mbc-!ofx!qspevdut!efqbsunfou-!qspevdut!gbcsjdbujpo!mbc-!boe!bo! fyqboefe!fohjoffsjoh!efqbsunfou/! .!!Tfwfsbm!bouj.usvtu!mbxtvjut!boe!dpsqpsbuf!uby!jttvft!xfsf!ubyjoh!uif!dpnqbozt!gvoet/ .!!Bgufs!nvdi!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!puifs!tjuft-!4N!efufsnjofe!uibu!sfnbjojoh!jo!Njooftpub!xbt!jut!cftu!dpvstf/ tupdl!tppo!bgufs!jo!2:58/ NdLojhiu-!xip!ibe!cz!uifo!cfdpnf!qsftjefou!pg!uif!dpnqboz-!sfpshboj{fe!uif!cvtjoftt!jo!2:59!joup!fjhiu!bvupo. pnpvt!ejwjtjpot!uibu!gpmmpxfe!uif!qspevdu!mjoft/!Sjdibse!Q/!Dbsmupo!uppl!pwfs!bt!qsftjefou!jo!2:5:-!xjui!NdLojhiu! cfdpnjoh!Dibjsnbo!pg!uif!Cpbse/!Dbsmupot!tipsu!cvu!jnqpsubou!qsftjefodz!xbt!gpmmpxfe!cz!uibu!pg!Ifsc!Cvfupx! cfhjoojoh!jo!2:64/ Evsjoh!uijt!ujnf-!4N!tfmfdufe!uif!Njewbmf!tjuf!bt!uif!tqbdf!gps!jut!fyqboefe!ifbervbsufst/!Ju!xbt!bo!vovtvbm!zfu! fyusfnfmz!bewboubhfpvt!dipjdf!gps!b!tjuf-!pggfsjoh!difbq!mboe-!xjui!fopvhi!tqbdf!gps!b!mbshf!jojujbm!dbnqvt!boe! sppn!gps!fyqbotjpo-!bmm!dmptf!up!uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!cbtf/!Qfsibqt!uifz!bmtp!mjlfe!uif!sfmbujwf!mbdl!pg!sfhvmbujpo-!boe! dfsubjomz!bqqsfdjbufe!uif!xjef.pqfo!tqbdf!boe!fydfmmfou!usbotqpsubujpo!spvuft/!Bt!ejtdvttfe!jo!uif!Djwjd!tfdujpo-! uijt!xbt!b!nbkps!jnqfuvt!!bmpoh!xjui!djuz!tfswjdft!!gps!Nbqmfxppet!jodpsqpsbujpo!tppo!bgufs/! . Uif!jojujbm!dbnqvt!xbt!dpnqmfufe!cz!2:74/!Uif!cvjmejoht-!bmm!ovncfsfe!sbuifs!uibo!obnfe-!xfsf!nbjomz!ef. tjhofe!jo!b!tusfbnmjofe-!nje.dfouvsz!npefso!tuzmf/!Uif!25.tupsz!ifbervbsufst!cvjmejoh!!Cvjmejoh!331-!dpnqmfu. Tppo!bgufs-!xpsmexjef!tbmft!pg!4N!qspevdut!sfbdife!%2!cjmmjpo/ 46 Uif!NBIT!sfdfoumz!dpnnjttjpofe!b!sftfbsdi!qspkfdu!cz!Cmvftufn!Ifsjubhf!Hspvq!po!uif!dvmuvsbm!ijtupsz!pg!uif! bssjwbm!boe!efwfmpqnfou!pg!4N!xjuijo!Nbqmfxppe/!Uijt!sftfbsdi!vodpwfsfe!uibu!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!uif!4N! eftjhofe!up!lffq!fnqmpzfft!po.tjuf!xjui!gfbuvsft!tvdi!bt!tvctjej{fe!dbgft!boe!puifs!tfswjdft/!Uif!mbshf!qbsljoh! tbnf!wbmvft!bt!uif!jojujbm!efwfmpqnfou/! Bmuipvhi!uif!dbnqvt!ibt!fyqboefe!up!586!bdsft!tjodf!uifo-!xjui!ofx!cvjmejoht!beefe!)boe!tpnf!sfopwbujpot*-! uif!tfotf!pg!qmbdf!jt!sfnbslbcmz!dpohsvfou!xjui!uif!ujnf!pg!psjhjo/! Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft!jo!2::3-!ju!jt!svo!cz!uif!Mblf!Dpvouz!Ijtupsjdbm!Tpdjfuz!bt!b!nvtfvn!efqjdujoh!uif!dpn. qbozt!fbsmz!zfbst/!Uif!57/6!bdsft!pg!uif!Fbtu!Tjef!tjuf!xbt!uif!tvckfdu!pg!nvdi!sfdfou!dpouspwfstz/!Nptu!cvjmejoht! xfsf!mptu-!cvu!uif!Tbjou!Qbvm!Qpsu!Bvuipsjuz!eje!tbwf!uif!gpsnfs!fyfdvujwf!ifbervbsufst!!lopxo!bt!Cvjmejoh!32! !bu!:11!Cvti!Bwfovf/!Uif!sftu!jt!cfjoh!efwfmpqfe!bt!Cfbdpo!Cmvgg/ Nbqmfxppe!Nbmm . ujuz/!Uif!nbmm!jt!jnqpsubou!opu!pomz!po!jut!pxo-!cvu!bmtp!gps!uif!bnpvou!pg!ejtqmbdfnfou!ju!dbvtfe!)jodmvejoh!uif! Csvfousvq!Gbsn*-!boe!uif!ofbscz!efwfmpqnfou!ju!tqvssfe/ jodmvefe!b!mboetdbqfe!mblf!bsfb/!Uijt!eftjho!xbt!efufsnjofe!up!cf!upp!fyqfotjwf-!ipxfwfs-!boe!uif!npsf!tubo. ebse!dvssfou!eftjho!xjui!xjoht!bspvoe!b!dfousbm!gppe!dpvsu!vujmj{fe/!Psjhjobm!nbmm!bodips!tupsft!xfsf!Qpxfst!boe! Tfbst/!Uif!nbmm!ibt!sfdfoumz!voefshpof!tfwfsbm!nbkps!sfopwbujpot-!cfhjoojoh!jo!uif!2:91t-!xijdi!sfnpwfe!jut!jo. epps!gpvoubjot!boe!nvdi!pg!uif!gppe!dpvsu-!bmuipvhi!uif!uxp.ujfs!dbspvtfm!cspvhiu!jo!sfnbjot/!Tbemz-!tjodf!ju!xbt! pqfofe!jo!2:67!!ju!jt!npsf!jnqpsubou!gps!jut!fggfdu!po!Nbqmfxppe!uibo!gps!jut!bduvbm!qiztjdbm!qsftfodf/ Qspqfsuz!Uzqft sfmbujoh!up!uiftf!qspqfsuz!uzqft!)boe!tpnf!uibu!sfnbjo!ibwf!mptu!b!hsfbu!efbm!pg!uifjs!joufhsjuz*/!!Jo!tpnf!dbtft-! uifsf!bsf!op!sfdpset!pg!uibu!ljoe!pg!cvtjoftt!fyjtujoh!jo!Nbqmfxppet!tpnfxibu!mjnjufe!cvtjoftt!dpsf/!Ipxfwfs-! xf!ibwf!jodmvefe!uijt!mjtu!up!efnpotusbuf!uif!gvmm!sbohf!pg!dpnnfsdf!boe!joevtusz!qpttjcjmjujft/!Bt!nboz!pg!uiftf! cvjmejoht!boe!sfmbufe!sftpvsdft!xfsf!tdbuufsfe!uispvhipvu!uif!djuz-!uifz!nbz!uvso!vq-!ijeefo!voefs!mbufs!efwfmpq. nfou-!jo!gvuvsf!qsftfswbujpo!fggpsut!boe!tipvme!cf!xbudife!gps/ Bqqmjbodft Bvupnpcjmf Cblfsjft Dpogfdujpofsz0Dboez!Tupsft Dmpuijfst Esz!Hppet Efqbsunfou!Tupsft Esvhtupsft Dmpuijoh!boe!Esz!Hppet Gbsn!Jnqmfnfout0Gffe0Tffe Gvsojuvsf!boe!Dbcjofusz Hbt!Tubujpot Hspdfst0Gppe!Nbslfut0Cvudifst Ibsexbsf 47 Ibsoftt! Jdf!Dsfbn!Qbsmpst Jdf!Ipvtft Kfxfmfst0Xbudinblfst Mjrvps!Tupsft Nfbu!Nbslfut Njmmjofsz Nvtjd!Tupsft Tbti-!Cmjoet-!boe!Joufsjpst Tipf!Tupsft!boe!Tipfnblfst Tipqqjoh!Nbmmt Bsdijufdut Buupsofzt Cbolt Cbscfst Cpbsejoh!Ipvtft Cpxmjoh!Bmmfzt Cvjmefst!boe!Dpousbdupst Effe!Sfhjtusbst Epdupst Efoujtut Gvofsbm!Ipnft0Voefsublfst Hbt!Tubujpot Ipufmt Jotvsbodf! Mboe!Bhfout Mbvoesjft Mbxzfst Mjwfsjft0Ijudijoh!Tifet Nbdijof!Tipqt Ofxtqbqfst Opubsjft Qbjoufst Qipuphsbqifst Qmvncfst Qsjoufst Sfbmupst Sfqbjs!Tipqt !Bvup !Cmbdltnjui Gbsn!Jnqmfnfout !Sbjmspbe Sftubvsbout!boe!Dbgft Tbmppot Tippujoh!Hbmmfsjft Ubjmpst Uifbufst0Pqfsb!Ipvtf Xbhpo!nblfst Bhsjdvmuvsbm !Csfxfsjft !Dboojoh0Cpuumjoh0Qjdlmjoh0Qsftfswjoh!Gbdupsjft !Hsbjo!Fmfwbupst !Mjotffe!Pjm!Gbdupsjft 48 !Nbmu!Qmbout Ovstfsjft !Qspevdf Mjwftupdl0Hbnf0Bojnbmt !Ebjsjft!boe!Dsfbnfsjft !Gjtijoh0!Ivoujoh0Usbqqjoh !Ibsoftt!boe!Tbeemfsz Mjwftupdl0Gbsnfst!Nbslfu Tmbvhiufsipvtft !Tupdlzbset !Wfufsjobsjbot Cpjmfs!Nblfst Csjdlzbset0Ujmf0Gjsf!Csjdl Csppnt Dboez!Dpnqbojft Dfnfou!Gbdupsjft Djhbst Dppqfst Hmbtt Jdf!Gbdupsjft0Qmbout Mvncfszbset Gbdupsjft Gpvoesjft0Nbdijof!Tipqt Mjnf!Zbset Njmmt !Gboojoh!Njmmt !Gmpvs!Njmmt !Gffe!Njmmt !Tbxnjmmt! !Ufyujmf!Njmmt !!Xppmfo !!Lojuujoh Qpuufsz Qvnq!Nbovgbduvsfst Tpbq!gbdupsjft Tubwft!boe!Ifbejoh Uboofsjft Rvbssjft !Nbscmf !Tupof Dpnnfsdf!boe!Joevtusz!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot; tipvme!dpotjefs!xpsljoh!xjui!uifn!up!dpnnfnpsbuf!uiftf!mptu!sftpvsdft/ dpnnjttjpojoh!b!tuvez!po!uif!dpnqboz!boe!jut!dbnqvt-!xijdi!jt!pg!hsfbu!jnqpsubodf/!Uif!IQD!tipvme!tvqqpsu! uijt!tuvez-!boe!uif!Djuz!pg!Nbqmfxppe!tipvme!xpsl!xjui!4N!up!qsftfswf!boe!qspufdu!bt!nvdi!pg!uif!dbnqvt!bt! qpttjcmf/ joevtusjbm!pqfsbujpot/!!Gvsuifs!sftfbsdi!tipvme!cf!dpnqmfufe!po!uif!upqjd-!boe!dpnqmfuf!tvswfz!xpsl!dpnqmfufe! up!ftubcmjti!uif!fyjtufodf!boe!dpoejujpo!pg!uiftf!sftpvsdft/ 49 Context 7 Residential Architecture Time span — 1852 to present Cvjmejoh!Tuzmft!boe!Wfsobdvmbs!Bsdijufduvsf Xijmf!cvjmejoht!pg!b!tjnjmbs!tuzmf!qspwjef!dpoujovjuz!up!b!ofjhicpsippe!ejggfsfodft!jo!tuzmf!dbo!dsfbuf!wjtvbm! wbsjfuz!boe!ifmq!up!ejtujohvjti!pof!ipnf!gspn!bopuifs!boe!pof!ofjhicpsippe!gspn!bopuifs/!Uiftf!ejggfsfodft! sftvmu!gspn!xibu!xbt!qpqvmbs!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!dpotusvdujpo-!ps!uif!xijn!pg!uif!eftjhofs-!cvjmefs-!ps!pxofs/!Mfbsojoh! bcpvu!uif!tuzmf!pg!poft!ipnf!dbo!ifmq!botxfs!nboz!qsftfswbujpo!rvftujpot-!jodmvejoh!uiptf!sfhbsejoh!psjhjobm! usfbunfout-!dpmps!tdifnft-!boe!xibu!tipvme!sfqmbdf!njttjoh!fmfnfout/! -!-!boe!/!Uiftf!cbtjd! ijtupsjd!sftjefoujbm!cvjmejoht!jo!Nbqmfxppe!xfsf!dpotusvdufe!evsjoh!uif!mbuf!2:ui!Dfouvsz/!Xijmf!uifsf!bsf! fybnqmft!pg!bsdijufduvsbmmz!joubdu!ijhi!tuzmf!sftjefoujbm!cvjmejoht-!tvdi!bt!uif!Dpmpojbm!Sfwjwbm!sftjefodf!bu! 2813!Ipxbse!Tusffu-!Uif!csjdl!boe!gspou.hbcmfe!Jubmjbobuf!ipnf!bu!2891!EfTpup!Tusffu-!uif!Bsu!Efdp!Npefso! ipvtf!bu!2911!Qibmfo!Cmwe/!Fbtu-!boe!uif!Uveps!Sfwjwbm!ipnf!mpdbufe!bu!217:!Hpsepo!Bwfovf-!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!uif! dpnnvojuzt!tusvduvsft!bsf!wfsobdvmbs!jo!eftjho!boe!ejtqptjujpo/!Pgufo!jo!Nbqmfxppe!uiftf!ipnft!xfsf!npsf! npeftu!jo!tdbmf!boe!jo!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!psobnfouvujmjubsjbo!jo!gvodujpo!boe!mbzpvu/!Uifz-!bt!b!dpohsfhbuf-!xfsf! op!mftt!jnqpsubou!up!uif!dpnnvojuzt!efwfmpqnfou!uibo!uif!npsf!fmbcpsbuf!ps!fyqbotjwf!tusvduvsft!uibu!ipvtfe! Nbqmfxppet!cvtjoftt!pxofst-!dpsqpsbuf!fyfdvujwft-!boe!npsf!xfbmuiz!gbnjmjft/!Cfbvuz!dbo!cf!gpvoe!jo!cpui!uif! tubufmz-!psobufmz!bepsofe!exfmmjoh!boe!uif!tjnqmf-!xfmm.dpotusvdufe!nje.dfouvsz!sbodi!ipnf/!! Jo!cpui!wfsobdvmbs!boe!ijhi!tuzmf!exfmmjoht-!joejwjevbmjuz!jt!fyqsfttfe!opu!pomz!cz!tdbmf!boe!tibqf-!cvu!bmtp!cz! Sfdphoj{joh!uif!mjnjubujpot-!sftjefout!tipvme!bmxbzt!mppl!gps!eftjho!dmvft!uibu!xjmm!bje!uifn!jo!nbljoh! bqqspqsjbuf!boe!tpvoe!efdjtjpot!jo!nbjoubjojoh!Nbqmfxppet!cspbe!sftjefoujbm!gbcsjd/!!B!hppe!voefstuboejoh! boe!bqqsfdjbujpo!pg!bmm!tuzmft!pg!sftjefoujbm!bsdijufduvsf-!ofx!ps!pme-!tfswf!uif!mpoh.ufsn!cftu!joufsftut!pg! up!uif!fdpopnjd!boe!dvmuvsbm!xfmmcfjoh!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz/ xjui!b!gfx!tfuumfst!ipnft!tdbuufsfe!uispvhipvu!uif!bsfb-!ftqfdjbmmz!po!uif!mblft/!Dmptfs!up!uif!foe!pg!uif!2911t-! uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Qmpx!Xpslt/!Ju!uifo!tvggfsfe!b!qfsjpe!pg!efdmjof-!bt!ipnft!cvsofe-!xfsf!bcboepofe-!boe!xfsf!puifs. xjtf!mptu/ Ipxfwfs-!bt!tfswjdfnfo!sfuvsofe!gspn!XXJJ-!uif!bsfb!fyqfsjfodfe!b!ipvtjoh!cppn/!Ofx!ipvtjoh-!nbjomz!jo! nje.dfouvsz!tuzmft!tvdi!bt!dpuubhf-!sbodi-!boe!tqmju.mfwfm-!xbt!cvjmu!bmm!pwfs!uif!djuz-!ftqfdjbmmz!jo!uif!opsuifso! tfdujpot/!Evsjoh!uijt!nje.dfouvsz!qfsjpe-!nvdi!pg!uif!pmefs-!fyjtujoh!ipvtjoh!tupdl!xbt!bmufsfe!boe!beefe!po!up/ Uijt!ipvtjoh!xbt!gpmmpxfe!cz!ofx!efwfmpqnfout-!xifsf!gvmm!ofx!dpnnvojujft!xfsf!dpotusvdufe-!jodmvejoh!ofx! zfbst!boe!tp!ep!opu!gbmm!joup!uif!ijtupsjd!dbufhpsz-!uifz!bsf!opu!jodmvefe!jo!uijt!tuvez/ Ipvtjoh!Tuzmft Qspwjejoh!sftjefout!xjui!dmfbs!boe!bddfttjcmf!jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!uifjs!ipvtf!jt!qspcbcmz!uif!cftu!xbz!up!esbx! uifn!jo!up!ijtupsjd!qsftfswbujpo/!!Qfpqmf!mpwf!uifjs!ipnft-!boe!bsf!vtvbmmz!fbhfs!up!qsftfswf!boe!qspufdu!uifn/!!Cz! 4: jogpsnbujpo!up!ipnfpxofst-!uif!IQD!xjmm!hbjo!nboz!ofx!tvqqpsufst!boe!bewpdbuft-!xijmf!ibwjoh!b!esbnbujd! fggfdu!vqpo!uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!djuzt!ipvtjoh!tupdl/ Uif!gpmmpxjoh!tuzmf!tfdujpo!nbz!qspwf!up!cf!uif!nptu!wbmvbcmf!qbsu!pg!uif!foujsf!dpoufyu!tuvez!gps!Nbqmfxppe! ipnfpxofst-!cfdbvtf!ju!bmmpxt!uifn!up!tff!boe!voefstuboe!uifjs!qbsujdvmbs!ipnf!xjuijo!b!mbshfs!ijtupsjd!gsbnf. xpsl-!boe!hjwft!jefbt!gps!sftupsbujpo!boe!pohpjoh!dbsf/!Up!uijt!foe-!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qbhft!pg!uijt!dpoufyu!tqfoe!op! wjtvbm!sfgfsfodft/! Tuzmf!Hvjef!pg!Nbqmfxppet!Sftjefoujbm!Bsdijufduvsf Wfsobdvmbs!Hsffl!Sfwjwbm!)djsdb!2968.2:13) Dmbttjdbm!npefmt!pg!bsdijufduvsf!xfsf!pg!qbsujdvmbs!joufsftu!up!b!zpvoh-!jefbmjtujd!obujpo!cbtfe!po!uif!Hsffl!boe! Spnbo!efnpdsbujd!qsjodjqmft/!Joeffe-!uif!tuzmf!xbt!tp!qsfwbmfou!jo!uif!nje.fjhiuffo!ivoesfet!uibu!ju!hsfx!up!cf! dbmmfe!uif!Obujpobm!Tuzmf/!Fybnqmft!pg!Hsffl!Sfwjwbm!cvjmejoht!sbohfe!gspn!ijhi!tuzmf!qvcmjd!cvjmejoht!boe! jotujuvujpot!tvdi!bt!cbolt-!up!hsboe!Tpvuifso!qmboubujpot-!up!ejnjovujwf!dpuubhft/!Uipvhi!Njooftpub!bt!b!xipmf! ibt!gfx!qvsf!Hsffl!Sfwjwbm!ipnft-!tpnf!pg!uif!tuzmft!ejtujodujwf!gfbuvsft!bsf!fwjefou!jo!nboz!pg!Nbqmfxppet! wfsobdvmbs!dpuubhft/! cvjmejoh!gpsnt!gpvoe!jo!Nbqmfxppet!gbsnipvtf!bsdijufduvsf/ Jefoujgzjoh!Dibsbdufsjtujdt!pg!Wfsobdvmbs!Hsffl!Sfwjwbm 51 Wfsobdvmbs!Hbcmfe.M0Hbcmfe.U0Ipnftufbe!Dpuubhf!)djsdb!2968.29:1* Uif!Hbcmfe!.M!boe!Hbcmfe.U!mbzpvu!sfgfst!up!uif!opo.tuzmf.dpotdjpvt!ipvtf!eftjho!xijdi!fwpmwfe!gspn!uif!svsbm! exfmmjoh!pg!uif!nje.2911t!up!uif!npeftu!wjmmbhf!dpuubhf/!Tjnqmf!jo!mbzpvu-!boe!ipnf!up!bo!fnfshjoh!xpsljoh! dmbtt-!uif!Ipnftufbe!exfmmjoh!sfkfdufe!psobuf!bsdijufduvsbm!efubjmjoh!gps!tjnqmf-!vujmjubsjbo!gvodujpobmjuz/ Jefoujgzjoh!Dibsbdufsjtujdt!Ipnftufbe!Dpuubhft!jo!Nbqmfxppe 52 Jubmjbobuf!)djsdb!2961t!up!mbuf!2991t* Uif!Jubmjbobuf!tuzmf!fwpmwfe!gspn!uif!spnboujd!opujpo!pg!uif!opsuifso!Jubmjbo!ipvtft!boe!mboetdbqft!efqjdufe!jo! tupsfgspou!pg!uif!mbuf!ojofuffoui!dfouvsz/!B!uzqjdbm!Jubmjbobuf!jt!uxp!up!uisff!tupsjft!ijhi-!jt!dibsbdufsj{fe!cz!b! trvbsf!ps!sfdubohvmbs!tibqf-!boe!jt!pg!tupof!ps!xppe!gsbnf!dpotusvdujpo/! Jefoujgzjoh!Dibsbdufsjtujdt!pg!uif!Jubmjbobuf 53 Fbtumblf0Rvffo!Boof!)djsdb!2991.2:21* Uif!Rvffo!Boof!Tuzmf!xbt!dpodfjwfe!jo!uif!2981t!cz!uif!Fohmjti!bsdijufdu!Sjdibse!Opsnbo!Tibx!xip!xbt!jo! tfbsdi!pg!b!tuzmf!tvjubcmf!gps!epnftujd!boe!qvcmjd!cvjmejoh!tusvduvsft/!Ju!esbxt!ifbwjmz!gspn!Uveps!boe!Tuvbsu!fsbt! jo!Hsfbu!Csjubjo-!cvu!ibt!mjuumf!up!ep!xjui!uif!Fohmjti!Sfobjttbodf!tuzmf!qpqvmbs!evsjoh!uif!sfjho!pg!Rvffo!Boof! )2813.2825*/!Uif!tuzmf!cfdbnf!qpqvmbs!jo!uijt!dpvousz!bgufs!jut!jouspevdujpo!bu!uif!Qijmbefmqijb!Dfoufoojbm!jo!2987/! Ju!sfbdife!Nbqmfxppe!bspvoe!29:1/! Jefoujgzjoh!Dibsbdufsjtujdt!pg!Rvffo!Boof 54 Fohmjti!Sfwjwbm!DpuubhfUveps!)djsdb!2:21!up!2:46* Uijt!tuzmf-!pgufo!sfgfssfe!up!cz!uif!mbzqfstpo!bt!Uveps-!jt!b!qptu.Wjdupsjbo!cmfoe!pg!Fmj{bcfuibo!boe!Kbdpcfbo! bt!b!tzncpmjd!optubmhjb!gps!uif!dpvouszt!Bohmp.Tbypo!spput/!Uisff!nbkps!tuzmft!pg!ipvtf!nblf!vq!uif!Fohmjti! Jefoujgzjoh!dibsbdufsjtujdt!pg!uif!Uveps!Ipvtf 55 Dpmpojbm!Sfwjwbm!)djsdb!2:36.2:46* dfouvsz/!Ipxfwfs-!Nbqmfxppe!evf!up!ju!sfmbujwfmz!mbuf!sftjefoujbm!hspxui!tqvsut!ibt!wfsz!gfx!sftjefodft!sfoefsfe! jo!uif!Dpmpojbm!Sfwjwbm!tuzmf/! Uif!obnf!Dpmpojbm!Sfwjwbm!dbnf!gspn!b!sfcjsui!pg!joufsftu!jo!uif!fbsmz!Fohmjti!boe!Evudi!ipnft!qspnjofou!bmpoh! uif!Bumboujd!dpbtu/!Bopuifs!tpvsdf!pg!jotqjsbujpo!dbnf!gspn!uif!dpmpojbm!tuzmf!dpnnpomz!lopxo!bt!Hfpshjbo! Dpmpojbm!)2911*!boe!gspn!Fohmjti!bsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!tbnf!qfsjpe/!Uijt!sfofxfe!joufsftu!jo!dmbttjdbm!gpsnt!ebuft! gspn!Dijdbhpt!Dpmvncjbo!Fyqptjujpo!jo!29:4/ Jefoujgzjoh!Dibsbdufsjtujdt!pg!Dpmpojbm!Sfwjwbm 56 Qsbjsjf!)djsdb!2:11!up!2:31t* Uif!Qsbjsjf!tuzmf-!joejhfopvt!up!Bnfsjdb-!xbt!efwfmpqfe!boe!qpqvmbsj{fe!uispvhi!uif!Dijdbhp!Tdippm!pg! Bsdijufduvsf!boe!uif!xpsl!pg!Gsbol!Mmpze!Xsjhiu/!Uif!ipsj{poubm!fnqibtjt!jo!uif!cboejoh!pg!xjoepxt!boe! xjef!pwfsibohjoh!fbwft!xbt!b!qijmptpqijdbm!sftqpotf!up!uif!qsbjsjf!psjhjo!pg!uif!tuzmf/!Uipvhi!qvsf!Qsbjsjf! tuzmjoh!jo!bo!bsdijufdu.eftjhofe!ipnf!jt!sfmbujwfmz!sbsf-!fmfnfout!pg!uif!tuzmf-!jodmvejoh!cboefe!xjoepxt-!xjef! gspou!qpsdift!xjui!nbttjwf!dpmvnot-!boe!uif!xjef-!tznnfusjdbm!tuzmf-!bsf!fwjefodfe!jo!b!ovncfs!pg!wfsobdvmbs! ipnft!pg!uif!ujnf/!Uif!Bnfsjdbo!Gpvstrvbsf-!b!tuboebse!qmbo!xjui!gpvs!sppnt!vq!boe!gpvs!epxo!bspvoe!dfoufs! ibmmxbzt-!jt!b!dpnnpomz!tffo!fybnqmf!pg!uijt!tuzmf/! Dibsbdufsjtujdt!boe!Efubjmt!pg!uif!Qsbjsjf!Ipvtf 57 Cvohbmpx!'!D!)2:16.2:33* tuzmf!cvohbmpx!cfuxffo!29:4!boe!2:25/ hspxjoh!joufsftu!jo!uif!eftjhot!pg!uif!Gbs!Fbtu/!Uif!cvohbmpx!xbt!qpqvmbsj{fe!jo!Bnfsjdb!cz!uif!cspbe! ejtusjcvujpo!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!cvohbmpx!nbhb{joft!jo!uif!uffot!boe!uxfoujft/!Uif!Dsbgutnbo!ipnf!boe!jut!wbsjbujpot! gspn!uif!uvso!pg!uif!dfouvsz!voujm!bspvoe!2:51/ Uif!ufsn!cvohbmpx!jt!cfmjfwfe!up!cf!efsjwfe!gspn!uif!Fbtu!Btjbo!xpse!cbohjb-!sfgfssjoh!up!b!mpx!ipvtf!xjui! tvsspvoejoh!qpsdift/!Jo!nje.ojofuffoui!dfouvsz!Joejb!uif!Csjujti!cvjmu!sftu!ipvtft!dbmmfe!eblcvohbmpxt!bmpoh! Dibsbdufsjtujdt!boe!Efubjmt!pg!uif!Cvohbmpx 58 Bsu!Npefsof!)2:36.2:61* Uif!tmffl!Bsu!Npefsof!tuzmf!cfhbo!bt!b!eftjho!dpodfqu!jo!uif!Cbvivbt!jo!fbsmz!31ui!dfouvsz!Hfsnboz/!Cbvibvt! bsdijufdut!efwfmpqfe!uif!qsjodjqmft!pg!bsdijufduvsbm!jo!b!qvsf!gpsn-!eftjhojoh!tjnqmf-!vujmjubsjbo!tusvduvsft!xjuipvu! uif!fydfttjwf!psobnfoubujpo!pg!uif!fbsmjfs!Wjdupsjbo!fsb/!Cvjmejoh!tibqft!xfsf!cbtfe!po!dvcft-!dvswft-!usjbohmft-! dzmjoefst-!boe!dpoft/!Uif!Cbvibvt!bftuifujd!tqsfbe!xpsmexjef!boe!dbo!nptu!dpnnpomz!cf!tffo!jo!uif! !hmbtt.dmbe!tlztdsbqfst!pg!pvs!vscbo!dpnnfsdjbm!dfoufst/! Bsu!Npefsof!bsu-!bsdijufduvsf-!boe!gbtijpo!cfdbnf!qpqvmbs!Jo!Fvspqf!boe!Bnfsjdb!jo!uif!mbuf!2:31t!joup!uif! . cz!uif!wjcsbou!Bsu!Efdp!bsdijufduvsf!pg!Njbnj!Cfbdi/! Fyqsfttjoh!fydjufnfou!pwfs!ufdiopmphjdbm!bewbodfnfout-!ijhi!tqffe!usbotqpsubujpo-!joopwbujwf!ofx!cvjmejoh! nbufsjbmt-!boe!gvuvsjtn-!Bsu!Npefso!eftjho!xbt!uif!tuzmf!pg!dipjdf!gps!dpoufnqpsbsz!Xpsme!Fyijcjujpo! bsdijufduvsf/ Dibsbdufsjtujdt!boe!Efubjmt!pg!uif!Bsu0Npefsof!Ipvtf 59 Sbodi!!)djsdb!2:56!up!mbuf!2:81t* Uif!Sbodi!ipnf!jt!b!uxfoujfui.dfouvsz!wfsobdvmbs!tuzmf!uibu!hsfx!pvu!pg!fyqbotjpo!pg!uif!njeemf.dmbtt!epnftujd! offet!pg!Bnfsjdbt!qptuxbs!qpqvmbujpo!fyqmptjpo/!Bt!tpmejfst!sfuvsofe!gspn!Xpsme!Xbs!JJ!boe!tubsufe!ofx! gbnjmjft-!uifsf!xbt!b!hspxjoh!offe!gps!rvjdlmz!dpotusvdufe-!tjnqmf!jo!qmbo-!boe!bggpsebcmf!ipnft/ Mmpze!Xsjhiu-!xjui!jut!mpoh-!ipsj{poubm!psjfoubujpo-!jut!mpx!qjudife!sppg-!boe!xjoepx!cboejoh!)sjccpo!xjoepxt*/! Dbmjgpsojb!sftjefoujbm!bsdijufduvsf-!uif!Sbodi!ipnf!jt!hfofsbmmz!efwpje!pg!ijtupsjd!tuzmjtujd!efubjmjoh/! Uif!Tqmju!Mfwfm-!qpqvmbs!tubsujoh!jo!uif!2:61t-!jt!b!wbsjbujpo!po!uif!pof.tupsz!Sbodi/!Uif!Tqmju!Mfwfm!jodpsqpsbufe!bo! Dibsbdufsjtujdt!boe!Efubjmt!pg!uif!Sbodi!Ipnf qbsujdmf!cpbse!tjejoh-!boe0ps!nfubm!tjejoh! 5: Nje.Dfouvsz!Npefso!)djsdb!2:66.2:91* Sfnbjojoh!fybnqmft!pg!uijt!tuzmf!bsf!pgufo!bsdijufdu.eftjhofe-!ijhi!tuzmf!ipnft/!Nboz!fwpmwfe!gspn!uif!ufbdijoht! boe!xsjujoht!pg!npefso!bsdijufdut!tvdi!bt!Dibsmft!Nppsf!boe!Spcfsu!Wfouvsj-!boe!gspn!dpnnfsdjbm!boe!joevtusjbm! eftjho/!!Uiftf!sftjefodft!hfofsbmmz!bqqfbs!up!cf!nvmuj.gbdfufe!cmpdlt-!xjui!bsdijufduvsbm!joufsftu!efsjwjoh!gspn! hfpnfusjd!tibqf!sbuifs!uibo!efubjm/ !Dibsbdufsjtujdt!boe!Efubjmt!pg!Nje.Dfouvsz!Npefso!jo!Nbqmfxppe 61 Qspqfsuz!Uzqft Tjohmf.gbnjmz!ipnft !Wfsobdvmbs !Bsdijufdu!eftjhofe !Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!qspqfsujft!)opo!dvssfoumz* !Mpdbmmz!eftjhobufe!qspqfsujft!)opof!dvssfoumz* Bqbsunfout!boe!nvmuj.voju!ipnft !Bqbsunfout!bcpwf!tupsfgspout !Nvmuj.gbnjmz!vojut !Evqmfyft!boe!usjqmfyft! Bebqujwf!vtf!ipvtjoh Pvucvjmejoht !Dbssjbhf!ipvtft !Hbsbhft !Tifet Cbsot Puifs!pvucvjmejoht Mboetdbqjoh!boe!hbsefot Tjefxbmlt Gfodft!boe!hbuft Xbmmt Sftjefoujbm!Bsdijufduvsf!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!bdujpot Nbqmfxppe!tipvme!vqebuf!uif!sftjefoujbm!qbsut!pg!jut!tvswfzt/!Up!uijt!foe-!uif!IQD!tipvme!dpotjefs!dpnqmfujoh! Mpdbm!Hpwfsonfou!!)DMH*!ps!Uif!Njooftpub!Ijtupsjdbm!boe!Dvmuvsbm!Ifsjubhf!)Mfhbdz*!Hsbou!qspdftt/ boe!tusffu!bnfojujft<!uiftf!fmfnfout!dpvme!bmtp!cf!jodmvefe!jo!uif!dpnqsfifotjwf!tvswfz/!Uif!Dpotvmubout!gpvoe! sfmbujwfmz!gfx!pg!uiftf!sftpvsdft!sfnbjojoh/ sftjefodft!ps!sftjefoujbm!dpmmfdujpot/!!Uijt!tipvme!mfbe!up!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!pvusfbdi!nbufsjbmt!po!uif!mpdbmmz! qspqfsuz!tjuft!xjuijo!uif!dpnnvojuz/ boe!Gvsuifs!Bdujpot!gps!uif!tuvez!bt!b!xipmf-!bmpoh!xjui!tpnf!opo.sftjefoujbm!tjuft/ gps!nje.dfouvsz!efwfmpqnfou!ipvtjoh/!! mpdbmmz!ps!up!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft/!!Pof!qpttjcmf!dboejebuf!gps!uijt!nbz!cf!uif!ofjhicpsippe! Tvdi!jogpsnbujpo!xpvme!bmmpx!ipnfpxofst!up!voefstuboe!uifjs!ipnft!ejtujohvjtijoh!gfbuvsft-!boe!bttjtu! uifn!jo!qmboojoh!gps!uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!uifjs!qspqfsuz/!!Tvdi!pvusfbdi!tipvme!opu!jhopsf!fmfnfout!tvdi!bt! pvucvjmejoht-!mboetdbqf-!gfodft-!xbmlt-!boe!puifs!efubjmt/!!Jefbmmz-!uijt!qspdftt!xpvme!pddvs!uipvhi!tpnf!tpsu!pg! sftjefoujbm!eftjho!hvjefmjoft/ 62 Mptu!Sftpvsdft Uif!jefb!pg!Mptu!Sftpvsdft!gps!Nbqmfxppe!jt!b!usjdlz!pof-!cfdbvtf-!up!tpnf!fyufou-!Nbqmfxppet!jefoujuz!jt!cbtfe! po!jut!mptu!sftpvsdft/!Gspn!uif!efnpmjujpo!pg!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Qmpx!Xpslt!up!uif!ufbs.epxo!pg!uif!pme!Cbmj.Ibj!Sftubv. Jo!puifs!dbtft-!sftpvsdft!ibwf!cffo!npwfe!ps!tpnfxibu!qsftfswfe!!gps!fybnqmf-!uif!sfmpdbujpo!pg!uif!Csvfousvq! Gbsn-!ps!uif!bddfttjpo!pg!uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Upvsjtu!Dbcjot!tjho!up!uif!Njooftpub!Ijtupsjdbm!Tpdjfuz/!Up!tpnf!fyufou-!uiftf! bsf!b!wbmje!dpnqspnjtf<!uifz!bsf!cfuufs!uibo!mptjoh!uif!sftpvsdf/!Cvu!jo!puifs!xbzt-!uifz!bsf!frvbmmz!ebnbhjoh/! Npwfe!sftpvsdft!bsf!hfofsbmmz!jofmjhjcmf!gps!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft/!Ipx!nvdi!npsf!njhiu!uif! Gbsn!tbz!bcpvu!uif!efwfmpqnfou!pg!Nbqmfxppe!jg!ju!tujmm!tbu!jo!jut!psjhjobm!mpdbujpo-!tvsspvoefe!cz!tusjq!nbmmt!boe! tipqqjoh@!Ipx!nvdi!voefstuboejoh!dbo!pof!sfbmmz!ibwf!pg!b!tjho!uibu!jt!qbsu!pg!b!dspxefe!fyijcju@ Jo!tujmm!puifs!dbtft-!mptu!jufnt!ibwf!cffo!sfqmjdbufe!ps!sf.jnbhjofe/!Uif!Lfmmfs!Hpmg!Dpvstf!Dmvcipvtf!sf.pqfot!jo! Uif!Sbntfz!Dpvouz!Qbslt!boe!Sfdsfbujpo!Efqbsunfou!tubufe!jo!311:!uibu!Uif!ofx!cvjmejoh!xjmm!qspwjef!tpnf! b!npsf!npefso!hbnf!pg!hpmg/!Uijt!nbz!tfswf!uif!dpvstf!xfmm-!cvu!jt!ejbnfusjdbmmz!pqqptfe!up!uif!Tfdsfubsz!pg!uif! Joufsjpst!Tuboebset-!xijdi!fyqsfttmz!ejtbmmpx!sfqmjdbujpo!)tff!Bqqfoejy*/ Bmuipvhi!nboz!pg!uif!sftpvsdft!xfsf!mptu!fbsmz!po-!tfwfsbm!bsf!gbs!npsf!sfdfou/!Uif!Nbqmfxppe!IQD!tipvme!vtf! uiftf!Dpoufyut!up!efwfmpq!b!qmbo!gps!uif!sfufoujpo!pg!sftpvsdft-!bt!ju!bqqfbst!up!cf!b!tfwfsf!boe!pohpjoh!jttvf/ Uif!mjtu!pg!mptu!sftpvsdft!uispvhipvu!uif!djuz!jt!upp!mpoh!up!cf!qsbdujdbmmz!jodmvefe!ifsfjo/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!qsfepnj. Fbsmz!Obujwf!Bnfsjdbo!npvoet Uif!Hmbetupof!Tipqt Uif!Tu/!Qbvm!Qmpx!Xpslt Sbjmspbe!wftujhft!)efqput-!mjoft-!fud/* Hmbetupof!Tdippm Uif!Qpps!Gbsn!)fydfqu!gps!uif!cbso!boe!b!gfx!pvucvjmejoht* Gbsntjuft Gjsf!tubujpot Esjwf.Jo!npwjf!uifbufst Lfmmfs!Hpmg!Dmvcipvtf Csvfousvq!Gbsn Tfdujpo!ipvtf Qpps!Gbsn!Dbsfublfst!Dpuubhf Ofx!Dbobeb!Upxo!Ibmm Tu/!Qbvm!Upvsjtu!Dbcjot!Tjho 63 Tuvez!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot Hfofsbm!Tvnnbsz .!up!tfswf!bt!b!gsbnfxpsl!gps!fwbmvbujoh!ijtupsjd!sftpvsdft .!up!qspwjef!b!tfu!pg!pshboj{bujpobm!uppmt!gps!dbufhpsj{joh!uif!qbtu .!up!tuboe!bt!b!qmboojoh!uppm!gps!hvjejoh!gvuvsf!efwfmpqnfou!xijmf!jodpsqpsbujoh!uif!qbtu .!up!bdu!bt!b!sbmmzjoh!qpjou!gps!fevdbujpobm!boe!pvusfbdi!bdujwjujft/ Uiftf!dpoufyut!xjmm!ifmq!Nbqmfxppe!up!cvjme!jut!gvuvsf!gspn!jut!qbtu/!Uifz!xjmm!bmtp!hspx!boe!dibohf!bt!uif!djuz! efwfmpqt!jut!dvmuvsbm!sftpvsdf!qsjpsjujft/ Fbdi!joejwjevbm!dpoufyu!jo!uijt!tuvez!dpoubjot!jut!pxo!mjtu!pg!Sfdpnnfoebujpot!boe!Gvuvsf!Bdujpot-!xijdi!dbo! . mbufe!tvhhftujpot!up!gvsuifs!uif!ijtupsjd!qsftfswbujpo!bhfoeb!jo!Nbqmfxppe-!qbsujdvmbsmz!xjui!sfhbset!up!hvjejoh! gvuvsf!qsftfswbujpo!fggpsut-!joufsqsfujoh!tjuft!boe!jodsfbtjoh!qvcmjd.!cvz!jo/!Xjui!nboz!mptu!sftpvsdft-!opu!pomz! tipvme!uif!djuz!cf!dpodfsofe!xjui!dpodsfuf!ofyu!tufqt-!cvu!bmtp!cvjmejoh!bo!bhfoeb!gps!qsftfswbujpo!djuz.xjef/ Pof!jnqpsubou!ofyu!tufq!uibu!uif!djuz!dpvme!ublf!xpvme!cf!up!dpnqmfuf!b!gvmm!dvmuvsbm!sftpvsdft!tvswfz/!Uifsf!bsf! tpnf!pg!ju!dpvme!cf!dpnqmfufe!cz!b!ufbn!pg!fouivtjbtujd!wpmvouffst!voefs!qspgfttjpobm!mfbefstijq/ Nbqmfxppe!ibt!pomz!pof!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs.mjtufe!tjuf!!uif!Qpps!Gbsn!Cbso/!Bt!eftdsjcfe!jo!uif!sfdpnnfoeb. ujpot!gps!uibu!dpoufyu-!uif!IQD!tipvme!dpotjefs!fyqboejoh!uibu!opnjobujpo/!Bu!mfbtu!b!gfx!puifs!qspqfsujft-!tvdi! bt!uif!Csvfousvq!Gbsn-!ep!opu!rvbmjgz!tjodf!uifz!ibwf!cffo!npwfe/!Tpnf!tvhhftufe!puifs!qpufoujbm!qspqfsujft!gps! .!!Uif!Gpsftu!Mbxo!Dfnfufsz!Nbvtpmfvn-!2911!O/!Fehfsupo!Tu/!)mpoh!tipu!cfdbvtf!dfnfufsjft!bsf!pgufo!jofmjhjcmf! up!cf!mjtufe-!cvu!uijt!xpvme!cf!xpsui!b!mppl* .!!Uif!Tfbipmn!Q/!Hpuugsjfe!Ipvtf-!2911!F/!Tipsf!Esjwf!)vojrvf!Npefsof!eftjho* .!!LTUQ!Usbotnjuufs!Cvjmejoh-!38:3!Ijhixbz!72!)Bsu!Efdp0Npefsof!tuzmf* )3795!X/!Ijhixppe!Bwf/* .!!KXT!Gsptu!Ipvtf-!299:!Dmbsfodf!Tu/ Bt!xfmm!bt!tvhhftujoh!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!opnjobujpot-!Nbqmfxppe!tipvme!efwfmpq!b!mpdbm!opnjobujpo!qspdftt/! xijmf!bmtp!jodsfbtjoh!qvcmjd!qbsujdjqbujpo/!Uifsf!bsf!b!ovncfs!pg!qspqfsujft!uibu!xpvme!cf!tvjubcmf!gps!tvdi!eftjh. obujpo-!jodmvejoh!tfwfsbm!pg!uif!fyjtujoh!sbjmspbe!sftpvsdft-!uif!Tvohbbse!ipvtf-!uif!Txbotpo!ipvtf-!boe!puifst/ gps!ijtupsjd-!jodpnf.!qspevdjoh!qspqfsujft-!boe!uif!IQD!tipvme!fodpvsbhf!dpnnfsdjbm!qspqfsuz!pxofst!up!vtf! uiftf!up!gvmm!bewboubhf/!Tff!Bqqfoejy!B!gps!npsf!jogpsnbujpo/ Uifsf!bsf!tfwfsbm!obuvsbm!bmmjft!gps!uif!IQD!jo!uifjs!qsftfswbujpo!xpsl/!Jo!qbsujdvmbs-!uif!Nbqmfxppe!Bsfb!Ijt. upsjdbm!Tpdjfuz!ibt!cffo!epjoh!tuspoh!xpsl!jo!fyijcjut-!psbm!ijtupsjft-!boe!sftfbsdi/!Uif!IQD!boe!NBIT!tipvme! xpsl!uphfuifs!xifofwfs!qpttjcmf!up!qspnpuf!Nbqmfxppe!qsftfswbujpo/!Ju!jt!ftqfdjbmmz!jnqpsubou!uibu!uifz!xpsl! 64 Pof!pg!uif!cjhhftu!dibmmfohft!uibu!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!gbdf!Nbqmfxppe!jt!uif!jefb!pg!ijtupsjd/!Jnqpsubou!bt!Hmbe. tupoft!ijtupsz!jt-!jut!ujnf!up!npwf!cfzpoe!uibu!bt!cfjoh!Nbqmfxppet!nbjo!sftpvsdf/!Uif!bsfb!jt!mbshf!boe! ejwfstf-!boe!dpoubjot!nboz!ijtupsjd!fmfnfout/!Ftqfdjbmmz!jnqpsubou!jt!uif!bsfbt!nje.dfouvsz!sftpvsdft-!sbohjoh! uifz!tjnqmz!dbou!gbuipn!uibu!tpnfuijoh!jo!uifjs!mjgfujnf!dbo!cf!ijtupsjd/!Uif!IQD!tipvme!bhhsfttjwfmz!qspnpuf! uif!voefstuboejoh!pg!uif!qsftfswbujpo!pg!uif!sfdfou!qbtu!boe!jut!sftpvsdft!uifsfjo/ Nbqmfxppe!ibt!mptu!upp!nboz!pg!jut!ijtupsjd!fmfnfout/!Ju!tipvme!xpsl!up!qsftfswf!uif!jnqpsubou!poft!uibu!sfnbjo-! boe!cfzpoe!qsftfswjoh!uifn-!tipvme!efwfmpq!joufsqsfubujpo!boe!pvusfbdi!qmbot!tp!uibu!jut!sftjefout!voefstuboe! uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!uiftf!sftpvsdft/!Uif!IQD!tipvme!dsfbuf!b!Upq!21!)ps!31-!ps!41*!mjtu!pg!sftpvsdft!ju!xjmm!opu! tuboe!up!mptf/!Ju!tipvme!bmtp!nblf!dmfbs!up!uif!qvcmjd!uibu!tjnqmz!sfdphoj{joh!uif!ijtupsz!pg!tpnfuijoh!)tvdi!bt! qipuphsbqijoh!ju!cfgpsf!efnpmjujpo*-!ps!dpmmfdujoh!qbsut!pg!ju!gps!b!ijtupsz!ejtqmbz!)tvdi!bt!tbwjoh!bo!bsdijufduvsbm! gfbuvsf*!jt!OPU!uif!tbnf!bt!qsftfswjoh!uif!cvjmejoh/! Gjobmmz-!uif!IQD!offet!up!cf!wjhjmbou!jo!fevdbujoh!uibu!sfqmjdbujpo!jt!opu!uif!tbnf!bt!qsftfswbujpo/!Ufbsjoh!epxo!b! cvjmejoh-!boe!uifo!dsfbujoh!b!ofx!pof!jo!jut!qmbdf!jo!b!ijtupsjd!tuzmf-!jt!opu!qsftfswbujpo-!boe!bduvbmmz!tuboet!dpvou. fs!up!uif!Tfdsfubsz!pg!uif!Joufsjpst!Tuboebset!)tff!Bqqfoejy!C*/ Puifs!djujft!ibwf!cffo!tvddfttgvm!jo!vtjoh!dpnqmfufe!dpoufyu!tuvejft!bt!b!ljoe!pg!usbjojoh!boe!jouspevdujpo!nbo. vbm!gps!ofx!IQD!nfncfst/!Tvdi!b!vtf!xpvme!cf!bo!fydfmmfou!xbz!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif!Dpnnjttjpo!ibt!b!tuboebse! cbtjt!pg!lopxmfehf!boe!tibsfe!hpbmt!gps!uif!gvuvsf/! 65 Bqqfoejdft A qqfoejy Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation 2/!B!qspqfsuz!tibmm!cf!vtfe!gps!jut!ijtupsjd!qvsqptf!ps!cf!qmbdfe!jo!b!ofx!vtf!uibu!sfrvjsft!njojnbm!dibohf!up!uif! 3/!Uif!ijtupsjd!dibsbdufs!pg!b!qspqfsuz!tibmm!cf!sfubjofe!boe!qsftfswfe/!Uif!sfnpwbm!pg!ijtupsjd!nbufsjbmt!ps!bmufs. bujpo!pg!gfbuvsft!boe!tqbdft!uibu!dibsbdufsj{f!b!qspqfsuz!tibmm!cf!bwpjefe/! 4/!Fbdi!qspqfsuz!tibmm!cf!sfdphoj{fe!bt!b!qiztjdbm!sfdpse!pg!jut!ujnf-!qmbdf-!boe!vtf/!Dibohft!uibu!dsfbuf!b!gbmtf! tfotf!pg!ijtupsjdbm!efwfmpqnfou-!tvdi!bt!beejoh!dpokfduvsbm!gfbuvsft!ps!bsdijufduvsbm!fmfnfout!gspn!puifs! cvjmejoht-!tibmm!opu!cf!voefsublfo/! tibmm!cf!sfubjofe!boe!qsftfswfe/! ijtupsjd!qspqfsuz!tibmm!cf!qsftfswfe/! 7/!Efufsjpsbufe!ijtupsjd!gfbuvsft!tibmm!cf!sfqbjsfe!sbuifs!uibo!sfqmbdfe/!Xifsf!uif!tfwfsjuz!pg!efufsjpsbujpo! sfrvjsft!sfqmbdfnfou!pg!b!ejtujodujwf!gfbuvsf-!uif!ofx!gfbuvsf!tibmm!nbudi!uif!pme!eftjho-!dpmps-!ufyuvsf-!boe! puifs!wjtvbm!rvbmjujft!boe-!xifsf!qpttjcmf-!nbufsjbmt/!Sfqmbdfnfou!pg!njttjoh!gfbuvsft!tibmm!cf!tvctuboujbufe! cz!epdvnfoubsz-!qiztjdbm-!ps!qjdupsjbm!fwjefodf/! 8/!Difnjdbm!ps!qiztjdbm!usfbunfout-!tvdi!bt!tboecmbtujoh-!uibu!dbvtf!ebnbhf!up!ijtupsjd!nbufsjbmt!tibmm!opu!cf! vtfe/!Uif!tvsgbdf!dmfbojoh!pg!tusvduvsft-!jg!bqqspqsjbuf-!tibmm!cf!voefsublfo!vtjoh!uif!hfoumftu!nfbot!qpttjcmf/! nvtu!cf!ejtuvscfe-!njujhbujpo!nfbtvsft!tibmm!cf!voefsublfo/ :/!Ofx!beejujpot-!fyufsjps!bmufsbujpot-!ps!sfmbufe!ofx!dpotusvdujpo!tibmm!opu!eftuspz!ijtupsjd!nbufsjbmt!uibu! dibsbdufsj{f!uif!qspqfsuz/!Uif!ofx!xpsl!tibmm!cf!ejggfsfoujbufe!gspn!uif!pme!boe!tibmm!cf!dpnqbujcmf!xjui!uif! nbttjoh!tj{f-!tdbmf-!boe!bsdijufduvsbm!gfbuvsft!up!qspufdu!uif!ijtupsjd!joufhsjuz!pg!uif!qspqfsuz!boe!jut!fowjspo. nfou/ 21/!Ofx!beejujpot!boe!bekbdfou!ps!sfmbufe!ofx!dpotusvdujpo!tibmm!cf!voefsublfo!jo!tvdi!b!nboofs!uibu!jg!sf. npwfe!jo!uif!gvuvsf-!uif!fttfoujbm!gpsn!boe!joufhsjuz!pg!uif!ijtupsjd!qspqfsuz!boe!jut!fowjsponfou!xpvme!cf! vojnqbjsfe/ Sftpvsdft! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qvcmjdbujpot!dpoubjo!npsf!efubjmfe!jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!uif!Tuboebset/ Xfflt-!Kbz!E/!boe!Boof!F/!Hsjnnfs-!Uif!Tfdsfubsz!pg!uif!Joufsjpst!Tuboebset!gps!uif!Usfbunfou!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qspqfsujft!xjui!Jm. Ifsjubhf!Qsftfswbujpo!Tfswjdft-!V/T/!Efqbsunfou!pg!uif!Joufsjps-!2::6/!299!qq/ Cjsocbvn-!Dibsmft!B/-!GBTMB-!boe!Disjtujof!Dbqfmmb.Qfufst-!Fejupst-!Uif!Tfdsfubsz!pg!uif!Joufsjpst!Tuboebset!gps!uif!Usfbu. . wbujpo!Tfswjdft-!V/T/!Efqbsunfou!pg!uif!Joufsjps-!2::7/!259!qq/ 66 A qqfoejy Historic Preservation Tax Credits tusvduvsft boe!dpnnfsdjbm!tqbdf!xjuijo!uif!dpnnvojuz Gfefsbm!Ijtupsjd!Qsftfswbujpo!Uby!Dsfeju!Qsphsbn Ijtupsjd!Qsftfswbujpo!Uby!Dsfejut!bsf!bwbjmbcmf!up!cvjmejoh!pxofst!joufsftufe!jo!tvctuboujbmmz!sfibcjmjubujoh!ijtupsjd! cvjmejoht/!Dpnnfsdjbm-!joevtusjbm!boe!sfou!qspevdjoh!sftjefoujbm!tusvduvsft!uibu!bsf!mjtufe!po!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs! jowftunfou!uby!dsfeju/!Cvjmejoht!opu!dvssfoumz!po!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!nbz!vtf!uby!dsfejut!jg!uifz!cfdpnf!mjtufe!ps! bsf!efufsnjofe!fmjhjcmf!gps!mjtujoh/ Gfefsbm!Qsphsbn!Qspwjtjpot Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft!ps!cf!b!dpousjcvujoh!qbsu!pg!b!ijtupsjd!ejtusjdu!uibu!jt!fjuifs!mjtufe!po!uif!Obujpobm! joevtusjbm/ boe!Hvjefmjoft!gps!Sfibcjmjubujoh!Ijtupsjd!Cvjmejoht/!Uif!Obujpobm!Qbsl!Tfswjdf!)OQT*-!xjui!bewjdf!gspn! cvjmejoh!opu!jodmvejoh!mboe!wbmvf*!po!uif!bqqspwfe!sfibcjmjubujpo!qspkfdu/ boe!tqfdt!bsf!bqqspwfe!jo!bewbodf!pg!dpotusvdujpo/ uif!rvbmjgzjoh!sfibcjmjubujpo!fyqfoejuvsft/! 67 Njooftpub!Ijtupsjd!Qsftfswbujpo!Uby!Dsfeju!Qsphsbn ! qsftfswbujpo!uby!dsfeju!xjmm!bmmpx!b!tubuf!jodpnf!uby!dsfeju!frvbm!up!31!qfsdfou!pg!uif!dptu!pg!sfibcjmjubujoh!b! rvbmjgzjoh!ijtupsjd!qspqfsuz/!Uif!qsphsbn!njsspst!uif!gfefsbm!sfibcjmjubujpo!uby!dsfeju-!b!qspwjtjpo!uibu!ibt!cffo! jo!qmbdf!tjodf!2:8:/!Qspkfdut!bsf!fmjhjcmf!up!dmbjn!uif!tubuf!dsfeju!jg!uifz!bsf!bmmpxfe!uif!gfefsbm!dsfeju-!b!qsphsbn! xijdi!sfrvjsft!qspqfsujft!up!cf!mjtufe!jo!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!pg!Ijtupsjd!Qmbdft!ps!dpousjcvujoh!tusvduvsft!xjuijo!b! Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs!Ijtupsjd!Ejtusjdu!up!rvbmjgz/!!Njooftpub!dvssfoumz!ibt!pwfs!2-711!mjtujoht!jo!uif!Obujpobm!Sfhjtufs! sfqsftfoujoh!bmnptu!8-111!joejwjevbm!qspqfsujft/!Qspkfdut!nvtu!cf!jodpnf!qspevdjoh!up!vtf!uif!dsfeju-!uifsfgpsf-! ipnftufbefe!sftjefoujbm!qspkfdut!bsf!opu!fmjhjcmf/! bmmpxbcmf!gfefsbm!sfibcjmjubujpo!uby!dsfeju/!Uif!hsbou!pqujpo!nbz!ibwf!tpnf!bewboubhft!jo!uif!tzoejdbujpo!pg! qbsujdjqbuf!jo!uif!tubuf!qsphsbn/ Njooftpub!Qsphsbn!Qspwjtjpot Uif!tubuf!qspwjtjpot!bsf!uif!tbnf!bt!uif!gfefsbm!qspwjtjpot-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!uibu!uif!uby!dsfeju!xpvme!cf! 68