HomeMy WebLinkAbout2017-11-15 PRC Packet
AGENDA
CITY OF MAPLEWOOD
PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION
6:00 PMNovember 15, 2017
City Hall, Council Chambers
CALL TO ORDER
ROLL CALL
APPROVAL OF AGENDA
APPROVAL OF MINUTES
October 18, 2017
NEW BUSINESS
Harvest Park FarmUpdate
Emerald Ash Borer
UNFINISHED BUSINESS
VISITOR PRESENTATIONS
COMMISSION PRESENTATIONS
STAFF PRESENTATIONS
Wakefield Park Improvements Project
Nebraska Park Playground
Holiday Events
December Meeting?
ADJOURNMENT
RULES OF CIVILITY FOR THE CITY COUNCIL, BOARDS, COMMISSIONS AND OUR COMMUNITY
Following are rules of civility the City of Maplewood expects of everyone appearing at Commission Meetings - elected
officials, staff and citizens. It is hoped that by following these simple rules, everyone’s opinions can be heard and
understood in a reasonable manner. We appreciate the fact that when appearing at Commission meetings, it is
understood that everyone will follow these principles:
Speak only for yourself, not for other Commission members or citizens - unless specifically tasked by your
colleagues to speak for the group or for citizens in the form of a petition.
Show respect during comments and/or discussions, listen actively and do not interrupt or talk amongst each other.
Be respectful of the process, keeping order and decorum. Do not be critical of Commission members, staff or
others in public.
Be respectful of each other’s time keeping remarks brief, to the point and non-repetitive.
D1
MINUTES
MAPLEWOOD PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION
6:00p.m., October18, 2017
Council Chambers, City Hall
A.CALL TO ORDER
A meeting of the Parks and Recreation Commission was held in the City Hall Council
Chambers and called to order by Vice Chair Brannonat 6:01p.m.
B.ROLL CALL
Commissioners
Commissioner Rick BrandonAbsent
CommissionerCraig BrannonPresent
CommissionerTerri MalletPresent
Commissioner Dorothy MolstadPresent
ChairpersonNikki VillavicencioAbsent
Commissioner Kimii PorterPresent
Staff
Parks and Recreation Manager,Audra RobbinsPresent
C.APPROVAL OF THE AGENDA(due to no quorum at the time of voting on this item it was
heard out of order and voted on when there was a full quorum)
CommissionerMolstadmoved to approve the agenda.
Seconded by CommissionerMallet Ayes – All
The motion passed.
D.APPROVAL OF MINUTES(due to no quorum at the time of voting on this item it was heard
out of order and voted on when there was a full quorum)
1.August 16, 2017
moved to approve the August 16,2017 Parks and
Commissioner Mallet
Recreation Commission minutes.
Seconded by Commissioner Molstad Ayes – All
The motion passed.
E.NEW BUSINESS
1.KID CITY Update
Chris Griffith, Z Puppets Rosenschnoz and Ryan Evans, Wilder Foundation
updated the commission on year two of KID CITY.
Wednesday,October18, 2017
Parks and Recreation Commission Meeting Minutes
D1
F.UNFINISHED BUSINESS
1.2040 Comprehensive Plan
Parks and Recreation Manager, Audra Robbins, presented the commission with
a draft of the Parks Chapter of the 2040 Comprehensive Plan for review and
discussion.
CommissionerMolstadmade a motion to have staff take the recommendations
made by the commission back to the consultants from HKGi .
Seconded by CommissionerPorter Ayes – All
The motion passed.
G.VISITOR PRESENTATIONS
H.COMMISSION PRESENTATIONS
1.Commissioner Molstadpresented information to the commission froman article
regarding adult fitness and inter-generational play spaces.
I.STAFF PRESENTATIONS
1.Wakefield Park Improvements Project
Parks and RecreationManager,Audra Robbins,updated the commission on the
progress of the Wakefield Park Project.
2.Nebraska Park Playground
Parks and Recreation Manager,Audra Robbins,presented the commission with
the final playground design that was chosen for Nebraska Park.
3.Parks and EEDD Tour Recap
Parks and Recreation Manager,Audra Robbins,provided highlights of the bus
tour that took place in September.
4.Maplewood Rec Run 3K/5K Recap
Parks and Recreation Manager,Audra Robbins,updated the commission on the
2017 Rec Run.
5.Youth Scholarship Program
Parks and Recreation Manager,Audra Robbins,gave an overview of the youth
scholarship program, with highlights includinghow many children were served.
J.ADJOURNMENT
Commissioner Molstadmoved to adjourn the meeting.
Seconded by CommissionerMalletAyes – All
The motion passed.
Wednesday,October 18, 2017
Parks and Recreation Commission Meeting Minutes
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The meeting was adjourned at 7:40PM.
Next meeting is November 15, 2017.
Wednesday,October 18, 2017
Parks and Recreation Commission Meeting Minutes
E3
MEMORANDUM
TO:Parks and RecreationCommission
FROM:Ginny Gaynor, Natural Resources Coordinator
DATE:November 15, 2017
SUBJECT:Emerald Ash Borer
Introduction
The City’sEmerald Ash Borer Management Plan was approved in 2011 (Attachment 1). In May
2017, the first case of Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) was confirmed in Maplewood. Staff is
proposing updates to the EAB Plan.
Background
Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) is a wood-boring beetle from eastern Asia that can kill our native ash
trees: green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and black ash
(Fraxinus nigra). Mountain ash is not a true ash and is not affected by EAB.EAB has
devastated ash trees in other states, resulting in the loss of all ash trees in some communities.
EABwas found in St. Paul in 2009. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) and
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) presented workshops the following year to
help citiesin the area prepare EAB Management Plans.As EAB has spread in the metro area,
knowledge has increasedabout detection and management and the City’s Plan should be
updated.
Discussion
In May 2017, the first case of Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) was confirmedin Maplewood at Carver
Elementary School. No additional cases have been documented, but it is likely that many trees
are infected and just aren’t showing symptomsyet.In December 2017, the City will begin
removing some public ash treesthat are in poor condition.
Staff is proposing updates to the 2011 EAB Plan.ThedraftrevisedEABPlan will be discussed
th
at the November 20Environment and Natural Resources Commission meeting.
Recommendations will then go to the City Council.
The PRC is being asked to review a potentialchange that would impact city parks – allowing for
insecticide treatmentof ash trees.In 2011, the PRC recommended the City have the option of
treating selected park ash trees with an insecticide. The ENR, however, recommended no use
of insecticide on City public lands and the City Council supported that recommendation.
There are effective insecticides for EAB, which can save ash trees.Iftheuseof insecticides
were approved, the City would restrict chemical treatment to trunk injection. This application
method injects the insecticide directly into the tree, eliminating pesticidedrift through the airand
E3
reducing the amount of pesticide that may end up on the soil or in surface orgroundwater.
Once injected, the insecticide flows intothe tissues of the tree. Insects feeding on the bark,
cambium, leaves, flowers, or seeds ingestthe chemical and die.Chemical treatmentsneed to
be applied every two to three years. If the tree is a good candidate (is healthy and has less than
30% canopy loss), these insecticides are very effective.
The pros and cons of allowing for chemical use are explained below.
Pros
1.Spread out removals. Some communities treat selected ash for a few yearsto spread
out the cost of removals over a longer period of time.
2.Headstarton replacement of trees. Treating selected trees can buy time to plant a
nearby tree and let it grow for 10-15 yearsbefore removing a mature ash. This serves
not only aesthetic needs but helps maintain shade or screening.
Cons
1.Financial. Treatments must be repeatedevery two to three yearsfor the life of the tree.
Money is being spent to keep a tree alive that will eventually be removed. Many argue
you may as well start now with a new tree.
2.Environmental impacts.
a.The insecticides used for EAB do not target just EAB –they cankill both harmful
and beneficial insects.
b.Insecticides may leachinto groundwater and endup in surface water where they
have negative impacts on aquaticorganisms. The ENRC prepared a detailed
memo summarizing the negative environmental impacts of the two most common
insecticides used for EAB –Imidacloprid and Emamectin Benzoate. This
memorandum is Appendix D of the EAB Plan (Attachment 1).
Recommendation
The Commission shall discuss and make a recommendation on whether the City should allow
for chemical treatment of ash trees in Maplewood parks.
Attachments:
1.2011EAB Management Plan
E3, Attachment 1
EmeraldAshBorerManagementPlan
CityofMaplewood,Minnesota
May3,2011
I.Purpose
ThepurposeofthismanagementplanistoaddressandplanfortheeventualinvasionofEmeraldAsh
Borer(EAB)intoMaplewoodurbanforests.Thegoalofthisplanistoslowthespreadoftheinfestation
througheducation,inspection,andstrategicmanagement.Bydefiningandbeginningmanagement
nowwehopetolessendisruptiontooururbanforest,stretchthemanagementcostsassociatedwith
EABoveralongerperiodoftime,andcreateanatmosphereofEABawarenesstodetectaninfestation
asearlyaspossible.
II.Applicability
ThisplanisapplicabletoallpubliclandinMaplewoodandallprivatepropertieswhereEABmay
licareasorgenerallythreatentheoverallhealthofağƦƌĻǞƚƚķƭurbanforest.
negativelyimpactpub
III.Administration
ağƦƌĻǞƚƚķƭCityForesterandNaturalResourcesCoordinatorwillberesponsibleforimplementing
thisprogram,withsupportfromParksandRecreationDepartmentandPublicWorksDepartment.
IV.EABBackground
EmeraldAshBorer(EAB)isanonnativebeetlethatcauseswidespreaddeclineanddeathofashtrees.
ThelarvalstageofEABfeedsonthetissuebetweenthebarkandthesapwood,disruptingthe
transportofnutrientsandwaterinthetrees.Ifinfestationishighenoughinanindividualtree,the
damagewillbesevereenoughtokillthetree.EABhasdestroyedmillionsofashtreesinotherstates.
(SeeAppendicesA,B,andCformoreinformation.)
V.EABStatusinMinnesota
In2009,EABwasfoundinsouthernMinnesotaandinSt.Paul.TheinfestationinSt.PaulwasintheSt.
AnthonyareaandontheUniversityofMinnesotaSt.PaulCampus.SubsequentlyEABwasfoundin
Minneapolis,intheTowerHillandProspectParkareas.Themetroinfestationsareabout1mileapart.
TheMinnesotaDepartmentofAgriculture(MDA),MinnesotaDepartmentofNaturalResourcesand
UniversityofMinnesotahavehelpedcoordinatetheresponsetotheinfestationandeducation.InSt.
Paulthisincludedashtreeremovalintheinfestedareasaswellaspreemptiveremovalofashin
selectedneighborhoods.In2010,theMDAreleasedbiologicalcontrolagents(threespeciesofwasps)
troareain2011.
atthesiteofthesouthernMNinfestation.TheMDAplanstodoareleaseintheme
VI.EABManagementStrategies
WhenEABwasfirstfoundinMinnesota,itwasbelievedthatwewouldeventuallyloseallashtreesin
Minnesota.ButEABmayspreaddifferentlyinMinnesotathanithasinotherstates,sinceitappears
thatwehavefounditrelativelyearlyintheinfestation.SLAM(SlowAshMortality)isanapproachto
EABthatfocusesonslowingashtreemortalitythroughintegratedmanagementstrategies.Itmay
involveacombinationofmonitoringforEAB,preemptiveremovalofashtrees,insecticidetreatment,
andbiologicalcontrol.SlowingthespreadofEABandslowingashtreemortalityenablesustospread
managementcostsoveralongertimeperiod.Inaddition,withbiologicalcontrolnowapossibility,the
outlookforashinMinnesotacouldbedifferentthaninitiallypredicted.
1
E3, Attachment 1
VIΑ1EABManagement:TreeInventory
AtreeinventoryisthefoundationofanEABplanandprovidesthebaselinedataforaĭźƷǤƭurban
forestryprogram.Thedatacanalsobeusedtotrackmanagementofindividualtrees,similartothe
wayacitytracksinfrastructuremaintenance(ex:stormsewerstructures).
In2010,MaplewoodhiredS&STreeSpecialiststoconductacompleteinventoryforpark(not
preserve)treesincludinglocation,species,diameter,andhealth.Onlymanicuredareasofparkswere
inventoried.Maplewoodparkshave2507trees,484ofwhichareash(19.3%).In2010,staff
inventoriedasamplingofboulevardtrees.Theprotocolbeingusedrequiresweinventoryaminimum
of2000boulevardtreesinordertoestimatehowmanytreeswehaveonboulevards.Thissampling
willbecompletedin2011.
Theboulevardsamplingandthecompleteparktreeinventoryprovidedatathatenablesusto
understandthepotentialfinancial,aesthetic,andecologicalimpactsofEABinMaplewood.Buta
completeboulevardtreeinventory,withinformationonthehealthofeachtree,isrequiredforthecity
tostrategicallytargetindividualtreesfortreatmentorremoval,andtomakeplantingdecisionsthat
ensuretreediversity.
thecityhireacontractortodoacompleteinventoryofboulevard
Itisstronglyrecommendedthat
trees.Inaddition,itisrecommendedthatstaffconductinformalinventoriesonafewnaturalareasin
thecitytoobtainsomebasicinformationabouttheashpopulationinforestedareas.
VIΑ2EABManagement:Inspection,Detection,andMonitoring
Thegoalofdetectionistofindinfestationsasearlyaspossible.Onceaninfestationcenterisfound,
weneedtodeterminethedurationandouterboundariesoftheinfestation.Manypeopleshouldbe
involvedindetection.
1.CityForester.Maplewoodcontractsaparttimeforestertoinspectpropertiesforoakwiltand
DutchElmDisease.TheŅƚƩĻƭƷĻƩƭcontractshouldbeexpandedtoincludeEABdetectionand
inspection.Inaddition,theCityForestershouldbethepersonresponsiblefordelineatingthe
infestationboundaries.
2.CityStaff.CitystaffneedtobekeyplayersindetectingEAB.Itisrecommendedthatstaffatthe
naturecenterandparksandpublicworkscrewmembersundergoEABtrainingsotheycanhelp
monitortheashtreesintheareaswheretheywork.Inaddition,itisrecommendedthatEAB
trainingbeprovidedforallemployeesinterestedinlearningabouttheinsectanditsthreat.
3.ResidentsandtheMaplewoodTreeHotline.ResidentswilloftenbefirsttodetectEABonprivate
lands.IftheyhaveatreewithsuspectedEAB,theyareencouragedtoreviewEABinformation
onlineand/orcalltheMaplewoodTreeHotline.Thecityforesterrespondstoallcallsanddoesa
tEABduringthephoneconversation.
sitecheckifheĭğƓƷruleou
4.ArrestThePestHotline.ThestatemaintainsanArrestthepesthotline.Citizenscancallthe
hotlinetoreportasuspectedincidenceofEAB.
5.MinnesotaForestPestFirstDetectorNetwork.ThefirstdetectornetworkistheƭƷğƷĻƭearly
warningsystemforinvasivetreepests.FirstdetectorscanhelpverifythepresenceofEAB.
6.MinnesotaTreeCareAdvisors.Thetreecareadvisorprogramisanetworkoftrained,community
basedvolunteerswhopromoteurbanandcommunityforestrytoallresidentsofMinnesota.This
programisrunbytheUniversityofaźƓƓĻƭƚƷğƭDepartmentofForestry.
2
E3, Attachment 1
7.Citizenmonitoringprogram.SomeMaplewoodresidentshaveexpressedinterestinlearning
moreaboutEmeraldAshBoreranditspotentialimpacttothecityandthelandscapesaroundtheir
homes.ThecityshouldencourageinterestedresidentstoparticipateintheForestPestFirst
DetectorprogramortheMinnesotaTreeCareAdvisorprogramsotheycanhelpthecitywatchfor
EAB.Thecityshouldconsiderpayingthetuitionforresidentsintheseprogramsiftheycommitto
volunteeringhoursforinspectingsitesinthecityforEAB.
8.PurpleTraps.In2010,theMinnesotaDepartmentofAgriculturesetpurpletrapsthroughoutthe
state,includinginMaplewood.ThepurposeofthetrapsistohelptheMDAbetterdeterminethe
extentoftheEABinfestation.ThecityshouldcontinueworkingwiththeMDAtohavethesetraps
setinMaplewood.
VIΑ3EABManagementTreeRemoval
Whenashtreesdieordeclinetheybecomehazardsnearboulevards,buildings,andplayareas.Most
deadtreesandhazardtreeswillneedtoberemoved.Butstrategicremovaloftreesbeforetheydie,
whethertheyareinfestedornot,shouldalsobeapartoftheĭźƷǤƭEABmanagementstrategy.
StrategicremovalhelpsspreadoutremovalandreplantingcostsandmayhelpslowthespreadofEAB.
Thecityshouldusefourremovalstrategies:
1.wĻƒƚǝĻƷƩĻĻƭƷŷğƷķźĻ͵Sometreesmaynotbedetectedearlyintheinfestationprocesssothey
willberemovedwhentheydie.Onboulevardsandinlandscapedareaofparks,alldeadashtrees
befeasibletoremovealldeadashtreesand
shouldberemoved.Innaturalareas,itwillnot
deadfallshouldbeaddressedonasitebysitebasis.Onprivatesites,ownersshouldremovedead
treesthatarehazardoustopeopleorstructures.
2.wĻƒƚǝĻƷƩĻĻƭƷŷğƷğƩĻźƓŅĻƭƷĻķ͵Agooddetectionprogrammustbeinplacetousethisremoval
strategy.Typicallyinfestationcentersarenotdetectedfor35yearsafterinsectsarrivedueto
subtletiesofinitialsignsinthetree.Whenaninfestedtreeisidentified,surroundingtreeswill
needtobesurveyedtodeterminetheextentofinfestationandthenumberoftreesthatwillneed
toberemoved.ThecityshouldconsultwiththeMDAwheninfestationsareinitiallyidentified.
3.wĻƒƚǝĻƷƩĻĻƭƦƩĻĻƒƦƷźǝĻƌǤĬğƭĻķƚƓŷĻğƌƷŷ͵Selectiveremovalofpublicashtreesbasedon
healthconditionshouldbeapartoftheĭźƷǤƭEABstrategy.Inordertousethisstrategythecity
willhavetocompleteaboulevardtreeinventory,includinghealthinformationforeachtree.The
cityhasthisdataforparktrees.Theashtreesthatwouldbeconsideredforremovalinclude:
a.UnhealthyƷƩĻĻƭΓźƓǝĻƓƷƚƩźĻķtreesthathaveaconditionratingoffourorless(outoften).
b.Treesthatareunsafeduetopoorhealthorstructureandarelocatedwheretheyarelikely
todamagepeopleand/orproperty(hazardtrees).
c.Treesthatareinconflictwithutilities.
d.Treesthatarepoorlylocatedand/orrequireexcessivemaintenance.
Ifseveraltreeswillberemovedpreemptivelyfromaparkoraneighborhood,thefullsiteimpacts
shouldbeconsideredpriortoremoval.
4.wĻƒƚǝĻƷƩĻĻƭƦƩĻĻƒƦƷźǝĻƌǤźƓğƓğƩĻğ.Preemptiveremovalbyareamaybeappropriatein
situationssuchas:
tinginfestationandtherearea
a.Whenalargepopulationofashtreesisnearanexis
significantnumberoftreesinpoorcondition.
b.Inconjunctionwithapublicworksprojectifthehealthofashtreesonastreetwouldbe
negativelyimpactedbytheprojectandmakethemmoresusceptibletoEAB.
c.InconjunctionwithadjacentcitiesorregionalstrategiestomanageEAB.
3
E3, Attachment 1
Apriorityremovallistshouldbedevelopedandrevisedregularly.Intargetingtreesforremoval,the
followingshouldalsobeconsidered:
1.Proximityofashtreeremovalstocurrentinfestationcentersandtheiranticipatedspread.
2.Thenumberoftreesinpoorconditionthatarelocatedneareachother.
3.Spreadingoutremovalcostsoverseveralyears.
VIΑ4EABManagement:PesticideTreatment
InsecticidesareavailableformanagingEAB.Whentimedappropriately,thesetreatmentscancreatea
toxicenvironmentfortheEmeraldAshBorer,killingdispersingadultsaswellaseggsandlarvae.High
valueashtreescanbepreservedfromEABwithconsistenttreatmentsovertime.Therearetwo
primarymethodsofpesticideapplicationforEAB:soildrenchingandtrunkinjection.Insoildrenching,
theinsecticideisappliedtothesoilunderthetreecanopyandthetreerootstakeitin.Intrunk
injection,aholeisdrilledintothetreetrunkandthechemicalisinjectedintothetissuesunderthe
bark.Witheithermethod,thechemicalisdispersedthroughoutthetree.Emeraldashborers(and
otherinsects)feedingonthetreeingestthechemicalandarekilled.
ThecityhasdeterminedthatitwillnotpermittheuseofpesticidestocontrolEmeraldAshBoreron
cityland,includingtherightofway,duetonegativeenvironmentalandhealthimpacts.AppendixC
includesreferencesonEABinsecticides.AppendixDcontainsamemoanddocumentationfrom
ağƦƌĻǞƚƚķƭEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesCommissionregardingtheimpactsofEAB
insecticides.
Thecityshallencouragepropertyownerstocarefullyevaluateenvironmentalimpactsbeforeusing
pesticidestotreatEABonprivateproperty.OwnersthatdecidetouseEABpesticidesareurgedtouse
trunkinjectionratherthansoildrenching,whichwillhelpreducepesticidedriftandreduceimpactsto
groundwaterandsurfacewater.
VI5EABManagement:BiologicalControl
TheMinnesotaDepartmentofAgricultureconsidersbiologicalcontrolthebestoptionofcost
effective,longtermmanagementofEAB.In2010,theMDAreleasedwaspsthatkillEABeggsorlarvae
inHoustonCounty,insoutheastMinnesota.Thisreleasewillbemonitoredtodetermineitsefficacy.
TheMDAplanstodoareleaseinspring2011neartheinfestationinMinneapolisandSt.Paul.
AppendixEcontainsinformationonbiologicalcontrolforEAB.IfbiologicalcontrolforEABproves
effective,thecityshouldcoordinatewiththeMDAforreleaseofthesebiocontrolagentsin
Maplewood.
VIΑ6EABManagement:WoodDisposalandUtilization
EABcanspreadthroughtransportationofashǞƚƚķΓźƓlogs,treewaste,chipsorfirewood.
RestrictingthemovementofashwoodcanhelpslowthespreadofEAB.RamseyCountyandselected
smovementofashoutofthe
countiesinMinnesotaareunderanashquarantinewhichprohibit
county.Thequarantinerestrictsmovementoffirewoodofalldeciduousspecies.Businessesthat
needtomovetherestricteditemsacrosscountylinesmayapplyforComplianceAgreementthat
indicateshowtheywilltreattheregulatedarticlestomitigatethespreadofEAB.
Iflargenumbersofashdie,itisessentialtolookforwaystodisposeoforutilizeashwood.
Informationcontinuestobepublishedonpotentialmarketsforurbanwoodutilization.Possibleuses
forashwoodincludefuel(biomassenergychips),mulch,pulpwood,andsawlogs.Thecityshould
4
E3, Attachment 1
identifylocaloptionsfordisposalandwoodutilization.Inaddition,thecityshouldseekpartnerships
withnearbycitiesfordisposalandutilization.
VIΑ7EABManagement:Replanting
Thelossofashinoururbanforestwillhaveavisualandecologicalimpact.Itisrecommendedthatat
leastonetreebeplantedforeverytreeremovedorlosttoEAB.Increaseddiversityshouldbeakey
elementinourreplantingprogram.Therearedifferentmodelsforboulevardtreediversity.For
example,DaveHansonfromtheUniversityofMinnesotapromotesthe102030rule:plantnomore
than10%ofanyspecies,20%ofanygenus,and30%ofanyfamily.Priortomovingforwardwith
replanting,thecityshoulddevelopaTreeMasterPlanthatsetsgoalsforoururbanforest,ensures
diversityoftreespecieswithinneighborhoods,identifiesappropriatetreespecies,andaddresses
plantingandcareguidelines.
MaƦƌĻǞƚƚķƭTreeRebateprogramprovidesacostsharematchforresidentstoplanttreesonprivate
land.Itisrecommendedthatthecitycontinuefundingthisprogramand,ifneeded,adjustthe
programsoitsupportsresidentsinreplantingafterashremoval.
VIIEducationandOutreach
mponentsoftheEABManagementPlan.Thecityshall
Educationandoutreachareessentialco
developanEABeducationandoutreachprogramthat:
1.EducatesresidentssotheyunderstandthethreatsofEAB,knowwhattolookfor,knowwhattodo
whentheyfindEABoradecliningashtree,understandreplantingandcareoftrees,andcanmake
informeddecisionsforashtreesontheirproperty.
2.EducatesparksandpublicworksstaffsotheycanrecognizesignsandsymptomsofEAB
infestation.
3.Usesdiverseforumsforeducationincluding:publicprograms,website,articlesincity
publications,handouts,publicserviceannouncements,etc.
4.Providesadvancenotificationtoaneighborhoodorhomeownerofashtreemanagementthatwill
occurintheirarea.
5.Provideseducationalandothersupporttoresidentsthatwishtoformneighborhoodgroupsto
detectandmanageEABintheirneighborhood.
6.DevelopspartnershipwithgroupssuchasTreeCareAdvisors.
VIIIOrdinanceandPolicy
CitycodeshouldbereviewedandrevisedtoaccountforEAB.Twosectionsofcodeinparticularmay
needrevision:
1.Section38,ArticleI.Thissectionprohibitsplantinginthepublicrightofway.Ifwehavemajor
lossesofboulevardtreesourordinanceshouldallowforandencouragereplacement.Staffand
signReviewBoardshouldreviewthispolicyandmakerecommendationstocouncil.
CommunityDe
2.Section38,ArticleII.ThissectioncoverstheĭźƷǤƭtreediseaseinspectionprogram.Itallowsthe
citytocontrolandeliminateDutchelmdiseasefungusandelmbarkbeetlesandͻƚƷŷĻƩepidemic
diseasesofshadeƷƩĻĻƭ͵ͼItstatesthatthecitymayenterpropertiestoinspectforepidemictree
diseases.Propertyownersarerequiredtoabatetreesthataredeclaredanuisance.This
ordinanceshallberevisedtoincludeemeraldashborerasatreepest.Inaddition,guidelinesshall
bedevelopedtoidentifyappropriateabatementactions.Forexample,intheearlystagesofEAB
infestationinMaplewood,thecitymayneedtorequirethathomeownersremoveinfestedashto
5
E3, Attachment 1
helpslowthespread.But,onceEABiswidespreadinthecity,itmaybecomeimpracticalto
requireremovalofallinfestedtrees.
Inaddition,thecityshoulddevelopaStreetTreeMasterPlanandpolicythataddresses:
1.Goalsforstreettrees;
2.Guidelinesanddesigntemplatesforspeciesdiversity;
3.Listofappropriatespecies;
4.Guidelinesforplantingandcare.
IXLicencing/permitting
AspartofEABmanagement,thecityshouldreviewrequirementsfortreecontractorslicensedinthe
cityanddeterminewhetherrevisionsarenecessary.
XFunding
FundingwillbeneededtoimplementtheEABmanagementplan.Primarycostsinclude:
1.Boulevardtreeinventory(estimate:$25,000$32,000);
2.CityforesterΑincreasedhoursfordetectionandinspection.ağƦƌĻǞƚƚķƭcityforesteris
contractedfor150170hoursperyear,primarilytoinspectpublicandprivatepropertiesforoak
erhoursonceEABisfound
wiltandDutchElmdisease.Wewillneedasignificantincreaseinforest
inMaplewood.
3.Treeremoval(stafforcontractors);
4.Pesticidetreatmentofselectedtrees,ifapprovedaspartoftheEABplan(stafforcontractors);
5.Educationandpublicoutreach(staffandcityforester);
6.Replanting(staff,contractors,volunteers).
EstimatedcostforremovalandreplantingashtreesatMaplewoodparksis$193,600to$290,400.
Thisisbasedon484ashtrees,withremovalcostsof$200$250pertreeandreplantingcostsof$200
to$350pertree.Whilesmallertreesestablishwellandcatchupinsizetolargertreesinafewyears,
itisthoughtthatplantinglargertreesonboulevardsandinpublicplaceshelpsreducevandalismand
accidentalinjuryoftrees.Whenthesamplinginventoryofboulevardtreesiscompletedin2011,we
willbeableestimateremovalandreplantingcostsforboulevardtrees.
MaplewoodwillneedtosecurefundingforEABmanagement.
1.Grants.Currentlythereisnolongtermgrantfundingdedicatedtoassistingcommunitiesin
MinnesotatomanageEAB.AninitialroundofgrantswasavailableforEABplanningand
management.Maplewoodwillneedtostayinformedongrantopportunities.Tobecompetitive,
itwillbehelpfultostrengthentheciƷǤƭurbanforestryprogram.HavinganEABplan,atree
inventory,andastreettreepolicywillallbelookedatinapositivelight.
2.Generallevyorfees.ThecitywilllikelyneedtousesomegeneraloperatingfundsforEAB
managementandmayneedtoconsideradditionalfees.St.Paulproposeda2%surchargeon
ofwayratesdedicatedtoEABmanagement.
right
3./źƷǤƭtreefund.TheĭźƷǤƭtreefundcouldbeusedtocompletetheboulevardtreeinventoryand
forsometreeplanting.Butthisfundingwillnotgofar,anditspurposeisnottocontroltree
diseaseandpests.
4.Treedonations.Thefundingpackageshouldalsoconsideratreedonationprogram.Currently
FriendsoftheParksandTrails(St.PaulandRamseyCounty)hastreedonationandTributeTree
programsthatservecitiesinRamseyCounty,includingMaplewood.Publicizingtheseprograms,or
6
E3, Attachment 1
creatingourowndonationprogram,willhelpprovideplantmaterialandfundsforplantingtrees
atparks.
XISummaryofActionsNeeded
1.Conductinventoryofboulevardtrees.
2.Developdetailsforstrategicremovalandreevaluatetheplanfrequently.
3.Developstrategiesfordisposalorutilizationofash.
4.Developandprovideeducationalandoutreachmaterialsforresidents.
5.EducatestaffinparksandpublicworkstorecognizeEAB.
6.ImplementprogramforvolunteerstohelpdetectEABinMaplewood.
7.ReviewandrevisetreediseaseordinancetoincludeEABasaforestpestthatshouldbe
controlledonprivateland.
8.DevelopaTreeMasterPlanthatincludesgoalsforstreetandparktrees,guidelinesforspecies
diversity,listsofappropriatespecies,guidelinesforplantingandcare.
9.SecurefundingforEABmanagement.
Appendices:
A.PestAlertΑEmeraldAshBorer
B.DoIHaveEAB?
C.EABReferences
pacts
D.PesticideIm
E.BiologicalControlforEAB
F.WhatareothermetrocommunitiesdoingtomanageEAB?
7
E3, Attachment 1
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E3, Attachment 1
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E3, Attachment 1
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E3, Attachment 1
AppendixC:EABReferences
GeneralEABinformation
www.emeraldashborer.info
www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/M1242.html
www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/terrestrialanimals/eab/slideshow.html
MinnesotaDepartmentofAgriculture:
General:www.mda.state.mn.us/plants/pestmanagement/eab.aspx
Managementstrategies:www.mda.state.mn.us/plants/pestmanagement/eab/eabstrategies.aspx
Quarantineinformation:www.mda.state.mn.us/en/plants/pestmanagement/eab/quarantinefaq.aspx
Biocontrol:www.mda.state.mn.us/plants/pestmanagement/eab/biocontrolinsemn.aspx
InsecticidesforEAB:
16pageguide:www.emeraldashborer.info/files/multistate_EAB_Insecticide_Fact_Sheet.pdf
EnvironmentalimpactsofImidacloprid:www.sierraclub.ca/national/programs/health
environment/pesticides/imidaclopridfactsheet.shtml
Impacts:www.emeraldashborer.info/files/Potential_Side_Effects_of_EAB_Insecticides_FAQ.pdf
Homeownerguide:
www.mda.state.mn.us/en/plants/pestmanagement/~/media/Files/plants/eab/eabtreatmentguide
2.ashx
bƚƷĻΓ/ƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓĻƩGinnyYinglinghasassembledseveraltechnicalarticlesonEABinsecticidesand
staffcanmaketheseavailable.
E3, Attachment 1
AppendixD:4/18/11MemofromEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesCommission
To:MaplewoodCityCouncil
From:MaplewoodEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesCommission
Date:April18,2011
Re:ConcernsregardinguseofchemicaltreatmenttoaddresspotentialEmeraldAshBorerinfestations.
AtitsMarch2011meeting,theMaplewoodEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesCommissionpasseda
resolutionstronglyurgingtheCityCouncilnottoallowtheuseofchemicaltreatmentsonashtreesownedby
thecityaspartofitsEmeraldAshBorer(EAB)strategy.Thisdecisionwasbasedonseverallinesofreasoning:
1.Suchtreatments,oncebegun,mustcontinueforthelifeofthetree,atpotentiallyconsiderable
expensetothecity.
2.Damagetothetreesasaresultofinjectingthechemicals(theenvironmentallyͻƦƩĻŅĻƩƩĻķͼapproach)
islikelytoreducethelifeofthetreesanyway.
3.Financialresourcesusedfortreatmentwouldbebetterspentinmitigationstrategies,suchasthinning
ofashtreesoncitypropertyandboulevardstoreducetheoverallcoverageofthisspecies(thereby
makingthelargerforestͻƌĻƭƭğƷƷƩğĭƷźǝĻͼforEAB)andpreemptivereplacementwithothertree
species.
4.Chemicaltreatmentsmaypostpone,butultimatelylikelywillnotpreventthelossofmanyashtrees;
butchemicaltreatmentscomewithpotentiallyhighenvironmentalcosts.
Itistheseenvironmentalcoststhatwehaveoutlinedingreaterdetailforyoubelow(anddescribeineven
greaterdetailwithsupportingdocumentationintheattacheddocument).Thetwomostlikelychemicalstobe
usedagainstEABareimidacloprid(IM)andemamectinbenzoate(EB).Bothofthesechemicalsarehighlytoxic
tovariousbeneficialinsectsandhaveknownandpotentialenvironmentalconsequencesthat,inouropinion,
makethemundesirableforuseinourcity:
Imidacloprid(IM)
1.IMisextremelytoxictohoneybeesandhighconcentrationsofIMarefoundbyresearchersinsap,
pollen,andnectaroftreatedplants.Shorttermexposuretoaslittleas5nanograms(onebillionthofa
gram)resultsin50%mortalityamonghoneybees.
2.Whilepollinationbybeesisnotimportantforashtrees,intheupperMidwestthepollenfromash
treesconstitutenearly40%ofĬĻĻƭpollensourceinApril,whenothersourcesarenotyetavailable.
3.StudieslinkingIMtocollapseofhoneybeepopulationsinEuropehasledItaly,FranceandGermanyto
banitandtheEUtoscheduleźƷƭphasingout.
4.IMisalsoverytoxictobeneficialpredatorinsectssuchasladybirdbeetlesandlacewings,toaquatic
insectssuchasmayfliesandcaddisflies,andtoearthworms.
E3, Attachment 1
5.StudiessuggestLaƭuseintreesmayactuallypromoteinfestationsbyunwantedinsects,suchas
spidermites.Thesestudiesindicatesuchinfestationsareduenotonlytotheeliminationofbeneficial
insectsthatpreyonthemites,butalsoasaresultofthechemicalscausinggreatereggproductionby
themitesthemselves.
6.Leavesfromsystemicallytreatedashandmapletreeswerefoundtoinhibitfeedingofdecomposer
organisms,suchasearthwormsandaquaticinvertebrates.
7.IMishighlysolublesoitisfoundinrunofffromagriculturalfields,instreams,andgroundwater
throughoutNorthAmerica.
8.Atconcentrationsfoundintheenvironment,aquaticinsectcommunitiesshowreducedpopulations
andbiodiversity.
9.Onceappliedtoatree,eitherbysoildrenchorinjection,IMisquicklydetectableinleaves,sap,and
pollen,wherenontargetspeciesmaybeexposedtosignificantconcentrations.
10.Thebreakdownproducts,ormetabolitesofIM,areoftenmoretoxicthanIMitself.
Emamectinbenzoate(EB)
1.EBisextremelytoxictobutterfliesandmothsanddoesnotdistinguishbetweenͻŭƚƚķͼandͻĬğķͼ
species.Studieshaveshownitis20to64,000timesmoretoxictobutterflyandmothcatepillarsthan
otherpesticidesusedonthesamecropsasEB.
2.EBisusedinagricultureasatopical(spray)treatmentonavarietyofcropsbecauseithasbeenfound
toberelativelylesstoxictonontargetinsectsthanotherpesticides(otherthanmothsand
butterflies).However,whensprayedontoplants,EBdegradesrapidlyinsunlightlimitingexposureof
de,soitisnot
nontargetspecies.NostudieswerefoundevaluatingEBstoxicityasasystemicpestici
knownwhatkindofexposuresoraffectswouldbeexperiencedbynontargetspecieswhenEBisused
inthismanner.
3.EBisalsousedtokillparasiticsealiceinfishfarms.Studiesindicateitmayactasanendocrine
disruptor,causingearlyinductionofmoltinginlobstersandothercrustaceans.Wouldthesamebe
trueincrawfish?Thereisnoinformation.
4.EBappearstobemoderatelytoxictofreshwaterfishsuchasbluegill,troutandfatheadminnow.
5.EBisverytoxictomarinecopepods,butthereisnoinformationregardinghowitwouldaffect
freshwaterinvertebrates.
6.EBtendstobindtosoilorsedimentparticles,makingitlesslikelytoleachtogroundwater,butalso
makingitverypersistentinsoil.Also,runoffcarryingsoilparticlescouldcarryEBtosurfacewaters.
7.ThebiggestconcernisthelackofinformationaboutEBasasystemicpesticideanditspotential
impactsinterrestrialandfreshwaterecosystems.
PesticidessuchasIMandEBhavegainedfavorbecauseoftheirapparentlowtoxicitytomammals,including
humans.Webelievethisisshortsighted.Ourhealthandqualityoflifedependsupontheintegrityofthe
ecosystemsinwhichwelive.Fromourperspectivethelossofcertaininsectspeciesmayseem
inconsequential;fromtheperspectiveofthelargersystemitcanbedevastating.Upsettingthedelicate
balancebetweenpredatorandprey,plantsandpollinators,detritusanddecomposersisoftenconsideredby
grettable,butremoteeffectontheͻƌƚǞĻƭƷƚƩķĻƩƭͼoftheanimalworld.Infact,itisakinto
ustobeare
chippingawayatthefoundationofourhome.
E3, Attachment 1
Giventhepotentialimpactsofthesechemicalsonourenvironment(andinthecaseofEBthegapingholesin
ourknowledgeregardingitspotentialimpacts),weurgethecitycounciltonotallowtheuseofthemontrees
inourcity.WhilechemicaltreatmentsmayprovideashorttermfixtotheEABproblem,webelievethecity
wouldbebetterservedbytakingaholisticviewofourenvironmentthatconsiderstheindirectconsequences
ofthesetoxicchemicalsandadoptalongterm,preventativeapproachthroughstrategicmanagementofour
forests.
E3, Attachment 1
EnvironmentalFateandEcologicalToxicityofChemicalsProposedfor
EmeraldAshBorerTreatments
PreparedfortheMaplewoodEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesCommission
bycommissionmember,GinnyYingling.April17,2011.
Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid(IM)isanicotinemimicthatproducestoxicitybybindingtoandoverstimulatingcertainneuron
receptors,disruptingthenervoussystem.Itbindsmuchmorereadilytothesereceptorsininvertebratesthan
vertebrates,givingitahighermarginofsafetyforhumans.Ininsects,thedisruptionofthenervoussystem
resultsinmodifiedfeedingbehavior,paralysisandsubsequentdeath(Mullins,1993).IMisusedagainstawide
varietyofinsectpests,includingAsianlonghornbeetles(mapletrees),potatobeetle,cockroaches,fleason
domesticpets(Advantage®),termites,turfinsects,etc.Whileitonlymoderatelytoxictomammalsandfish,it
isextremelytoxictonontargetbeneficialorganisms,suchashoneybeesandearthworms(Zang,etal.,2000;
Luo,1999),andimportantpredatorinsects,includingladybirdbeetlesandlacewings(Kaakeh,etal.,1996;
MizellandSconyers,1992).SomestudieshavealsoshownthattreatmentwithIMmayresultininfestations
byother,unwantedinsects,suchasspidermi2002;Raupp,etal.,2004;Sclar,etal,1998).
tes(JamesandPrice,
Theseinfestationsarepromotednotonlybythereductionoreliminationofbeneficialpredatorinsects,but
alsobyincreasedspidermiteeggproductionresultingfromtheirexposuretoIM(JamesandPrice,2002).
IMishighlywatersolubleanddoesnotbindreadilytosoilparticles(Fossen,2006),soitmayreadilyleachinto
1
groundwater.Itisquitepersistentintheenvironment,degradingquiteslowlyinwater(halflife=3146days;
KiddandJames,1991;Tomlin,1997)andsoil(halflife=69Α997days;Sarkar,et.al.,1999;Gupta,etal.,2002;
RobertsandHutson,1999).However,whenexposedtosunlightIMhasashort(3hour)halflifeinsurface
water(Moza,etal,1998;Wamhoff,etal.,1999),soitislessli
kelytobefoundinsurfacewatersthan
groundwater.Yet,despiteitsrapiddegradationinsunlight,investigatorsreportdetectingconcentrationsof
0.2,0.4,and1.0partsperbillion(ppb)instreamsinNewYork,NewBrunswickandFlorida,respectively.
Concentrationsashighas11.9ppbhavebeeectedinrunofffromagriculturalfieldsinCanada(CCME,
ndet
2007).IMhasbeendetectedinthegroundwaterinNewYorkatconcentrationsupto6.69ppb(USEPA,2003).
SeveralIMbreakdownproductshavebeenshowntobeofequalorgreatertoxicitythantheparentcompound
(Nauenetal,1998).
Despiteitsenvironmentalpersistenceandpresenceinwaters,verylittleisknownaboutLaƭlongterm
chronicandshorttermͻƦǒƌƭĻͼeffectsonnontargetaquaticorganisms.However,instudiesbyKreutzweiser,
1
A half-life is the time it takes for half of the mass of a contaminant to degrade.
E3, Attachment 1
etal.(2007and2008),leavesfromashandmapletreestreatedwithIMattypicalfieldratescontained0.8Α
1.3and311partspermillion(ppm)IM,respectively.Theleaveswerethenaddedtoaquaticandforest
microcosmstoevaluatetheeffectonleafshreddinginsects.Whilethereappearedtobenoeffectonthe
źƓǝĻƩƷĻĬƩğƷĻƭsurvivalrates,the1.3ppmandhigherconcentrationscausedsignificantfeedinginhibition
amongaquaticinsectsandearthworms,aswellasmeasurableweightlossintheearthworms.IMapplied
directlytothewateroftheaquaticmicrocosms,tosimulateleachingfromsoils,wasatleast10timesmore
toxictoaquaeIMintheleaves,withhighmortalityat0.13ppmandsignificantfeeding
ticinsectsthanth
inhibitionat0.012ppm.Pestana,etal.(2009)foundthatboththeabundanceandbiodiversityofaquatic
bottomfeedinginvertebrateswasreducedbyexposuretoIMatconcentrationsof2and20ppb.Theyalso
notethatIMistoxictootheraquaticinsects,suchascaddisfliesandmayflies.Mayfliesareparticularly
sensitivewith50%ofthemayfliesdyingwithin24and96hrsofbeingexposedto2.1and0.65ppbIM,
respectively.Prematurematurationandemergenceofmayflies,andimpairedreproductivefitness,occurred
whentheywereexposedtopulsesofIMatconcentrationsofaslittleas0.1ppb(Alexander,etal.,2007and
2008).
IMrapidlymovesthroughplanttissuesafterapplicationsandcanbepresentindetectableconcentrationsin
theleaves,vascularfluids(sap)andpollen.StudieshaveshownplantsgrownfromseedstreatedwithIMcan
havesignificantconcentrations(upto15ppminleavesofyoungseedlings,upto13ppbinpollen)ofIMin
theirsap,pollen,flowers,andleaves(LaurentandRathahao,2003;Rouchaud,etal,1994;Bonmatin,etal.,
2005;Westwood,etal,1998).Asaresult,manynontargetinsects,suchashoneybees,parasiticwasps,and
predaceousgroundbeetlessensitivetoIMmaybeexposedastheyforageforsap,pollenandnectarorfeedon
otherinsectsthathavebeenexposed.
BeesareparticularlysensitivetoIM.Pollenconstitutestheonlyproteinsourceforabeehive,andits
contaminationcaninducebothcontactandoralintoxication.Fiftypercentofbeeswilldieiftheyingestjust5
2
nanograms(ng)ofIMoverashortperiodoftime(acuteexposure),orjust0.01Α1ngoveralongerperiodof
time(chronicexposure).ThesevaluesareoftenreferredtoastheLD50,ortheamountofatoxinthatisa
ͻƌĻƷŷğƌķƚƭĻͼ(LD)to50%oftheexposedorganism(Suchail,etal,1999).Whenbeesforagefornectar,they
oftenbecomecoatedwithpollen.TheLD50forsimplycomingintocontactwithIMcontaminatedpollenis24
ngofIM(Suchail,etal,1999).EveniftheuseofIMisofshortduration(springapplications),theexposurefor
beesinchronic
,asbothbeesandtheirlarvaefeedonthestockedcontaminatedpollenandnectar,especially
inthewinterandearlyspring(Bonmatin,etal.,2005).LowdosesofIMandIMmetabolitesalsonegatively
affecthoneybeeforagingandlearningbehavior(Decourtyeetal,2003and2004).
PerhapsthemostcompellingevidenceforthetoxicityofsystemicIMonhoneybeesisanonlinevideoat
.Inthisvideo,researcherscomparetheeffectson
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8Nsn4KvjwM
2
A nanogram is one billionth of a gram
E3, Attachment 1
honeybeesoffeedingthemsapexpressedfromthebladetipofcornseedlingsgrownfromIMtreatedand
untreatedseeds.Thebeesfedthesapfromthetreatedseedlingsdiedwithin2to5minutes.
AsuseofIMasaseeddressingformulationforvariouscropshasincreased,researchershavenoteda
coincidentalsuddenanddrasticdeclineinhoneybeepopulationsandhoneyproductioninEurope(Colin,etal.,
2004).Whileaconclusivelinkhasnotbeenmade,itissuspectedthatIMhasplayedamajorroleinthese
declines(Bonmatin,etal,2005)andhasledseveralindividualnations(Italy,France,Germany)andtheEUto
banorphaseouttheuseofIM.
Itisoftennotedthatashtreeslargelypollinatebyairbornedispersionoftheirpollen,andthereforedonotrely
heavilyonbeesfortheirpollination,suggestingthatbeeexposuretoashpollen(andanyIMitmaycontain)
maybeminimal.However,ashtreesareoneoftheearliestfloweringtreesintheupperMidwestandbees
relyheavilyonthemasasourceoffoodwhentheyfirstbeginforaginginthespring.Infact,inaPhDthesis
fromWisconsin,Severson(1978)reportsthatashpol
lenmayconstituteasmuchas39%oftheĬĻĻƭpollen
sourceinmidApril.
EmamectinBenzoate
Emamectinbenzoate(EB)belongstoaclassofpesticidescalledavermectins,whichdisruptthetransmissionof
nerveimpulses,resultinginparalysisanddeathofthetargetorganisms.RecentstudiesalsosuggestthatEB
hastheabilitytoinduceprematuremoltingininsects,suggestingitisalsoanendocrinedisruptor(Bright,et
al.,2005).Avermectinsarebroadspectrumtoxicantsfornematodesandinsects.EBwasdevelopedasa
lepidoptericide,soitisextremelytoxictomothsandbutterflies.ACanadianstudyfoundEBisalsotoxicto
greenalgaeatrelativelylowconcentrations(3.9ppb;OPP,2000).Italsoappearstobemoderatelytoxicto
3
freshwaterfish,suchasbluegill,trout,andfatheadminnow,withLC50valuesof180,174,and194ppbin
water,respectively(OPP,2000).Irreversible,toxiceffectsonmarinecopepodswereobservedatwater
concentrationsaslowas0.12ppbandsignificantreductionineggproductionwasobservedat0.158ppb
(WillisandLing,2003).EBappearstoberelativelynontoxicforbirdsandmammals(Bright,etal,2005).
Intheenvironment,EBtendstobindtosoilorsedimentparticles(SPAH,2002),makingitlesslikelythanIMto
leachintothegroundwater,butmorelikelytobewashedintosurfacewaterwithrunoffcarryingsediment.
Studieshaveshownittohaveahalflifeinsoilof174Α427days(thelowertheoxygenlevelsinthesoil,the
longerEBpersists).EBisverystableinwater,althoughifexposedtosunlightithasahalflifeof1.4Α22days
(Bright,etal,2005).
EBhasbeenusedasatopical(spray)treatmentinawidevarietyofagriculturalcropssuchascotton,tobacco,
cabbage,potatoes,etc.whereitisusedprimarilytokillͻĭŷĻǞźƓŭandsuckingƦĻƭƷƭͼͲsuchasaphids,
leafhoppers,tobaccobudworms,southernarmyworm,potatobeetle,andwhiteflies.Itsagriculturaluseshave
3
LC-50, the 50% lethal concentration, is similar to LD-50, but refers to the concentration (rather than dose) of a toxin in
water, soil, or food, at which 50% of exposed organisms will die.
E3, Attachment 1
increasedinrecentyearsbecauseitisrelativelylessharmfultobeneficialinsectspeciesthanother
avermectinswhenappliedasaspray(Sechser,etal.,2003;LasotaandDybas,1991).However,nostudies
werefoundevaluatingtheeffectsofEBwhenusedasasystemicpesticide.
Inrecentyears,EBhasbeenusedtokillparasiticsealicewhichinfectsalmoninfishfarms.Studieshave
indicatedthatthehighdosesfoundinfishfeedandfecesbeneaththefishpensmayhaveadverseeffectson
themoltingcycleandreproductivesuccessoflobsters(Waddy,etal.,2010).Thismayhaveimplicationsfor
thedevelopmentandsubsequentreproductionofothercrustaceans(suchasfreshwatercrawfish),beneficial
insects,andotherinvertebrates,butnostudieshavebeendonetoevaluatethis.EBhasalsobeendetectedin
bluemusselsupto100mfromthefishpens,butitdoesnotappeartopersistinthemoncethesourcehas
beenremoved(Telfer,etal.,2006).Nostudieswerefoundtohavebeenconductedonfreshwaterbivalvesto
determinewhethertheywouldbesimilarlyaffectedifexposedtoEB.
ThemainconcernsurroundingEBisthelackofinformationregardinghowitwillbehavewhenusedasa
systemicpesticideintrees(orotherplants)andthegeneralabsenceofinformationregardingitseffectson
freshwaterorganisms.
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E3, Attachment 1
Appendix E: Biological Control
The following text is from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture website, 3/4/11:
Biological control (biocontrol) is the best option for cost-effective, long-term EAB population reduction. A
variety of insecticides are available to treat individual, high-value ash trees. Cost and logistical
considerations make these treatments impractical on a large scale. Biocontrol, already used successfully to
fight some weed and insect pests in Minnesota, is considered the only feasible large-scale tool for combating
EAB. Biocontrol reunites a target pest with the insects or diseases that control the pest in its native range. In
this case, tiny, stingless wasps that control EAB in Asia are released to reduce EAB damage. Prior to their
use, biocontrol organisms are thoroughly tested to ensure they will not harm humans, native plant and
animal species, or the environment.
USDA rears three species of wasps as biocontrol agents for EAB. Two species kill EAB larvae. Tetrastichus
planipennisiadults find and insert their eggs into EAB larvae. Spathius agrili behaves similarly except that
the wasp eggs and developing wasps are attached to the outside of the EAB larvae. The developing wasps
feed on and eventually kill the EAB larvae. Egg parasitoid, Oobius agrili, adults insert their eggs into EAB
eggs on ash bark. The developing wasps feed on and destroy the eggs.
E3, Attachment 1
AppendixF:WhatAreOtherMetroCommunitiesDoingtoCombatEAB?
BelowarenotescompiledinMarch2011regardingwhatnearbycommunitiesaredoingtomanageEAB.
SaintPaul
Removedallinfestedashtreesfrominitialinfestation
CreatedtraptreestomonitorEABpopulation(destructivesamplingofash)
dremovaloffullblocksofdecliningash
Structure
2011:somepesticidetreatmentininfestedareas
2011:residentswillbeallowedtohirelicensedcontractorstotreatboulevardtreesviatrunkinjection
Minneapolis
Removedallinfestedtrees
Trunkinjectionofselectparktrees
2011:releaseofbiologicalnearinfestation
RamseyCounty
Removing300trees
Trunkinjectionof1600treesincountyparks/golfcourses
Woodbury
EABplanpresentedtocouncilMarch2011
OrdinancewillbeupdatedtoincludeEAB
Notrecommendingchemicaltreatmentatthistime
Councilwilldeterminewhetherornottodopreemptiveremovals
CottageGrove
Plansfortrunkinjectionof3000blvdashtrees
Plancallsforremovalof50150ashperyeardependingonseveralfactors,includingcosts
Plancallsforremovalandreplacementofapproximately1000oftheir4000boulevardashtreesover
12years
Possiblestructuredremovalofpoorerqualitypublicashtreesdependingonfunding
Roseville
CitycouncilapprovedEABplaninfallof2010
$100,000budgetedforEAB,plusreceived$50,000grant
Eachyearwillremovesomeashthatareinpoorcondition
Willtreatsomeashtreesconsideredsignificant
Residentsmaytreatboulevardashtreesiftheyapplyforapermitandusealicensedcitycontractor
Updatingdiseaseordinancetoincludeash
NorthSaintPaul
Allowingresidentstoregisterboulevardashtreestheywouldliketohavetreatedwiththecity
Planningonsomestructuredremoval